Basics of IT & MIS

Session 8-9 Dr. Devendra Kumar Punia d.punia@fsm.ac.in d.punia@gmail.com

What is telecommunication?
Telecommunication
 

Transfer of meaningful information from sender to receiver over cable or wireless media Includes all of the hardware and software necessary for its transmission and reception Limited to transmission of sound over wire or wireless Assumes temporarily dedicated point-to-point connection rather than broadcast connection Limited to transmission of dash (long beep) and dot (short beep) over wire or wireless

Telephony
 

Telegraphy


Distinction between Telecom and Telephony



Difficult to distinguish because of the use of digital techniques (binary bits) for transmitting any form of information (audio, video or data)

History of telecom: an overview

1837: 1858: 1876: 1885: 1888: 1895: 1906: 1920: 1969: 1978: 1981: 1982: 1986: 1989: 1990: Samuel Morse invents the telegraph Transoceanic telegraph cable is laid Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone Incorporation of AT&T Hertz discovers the electromagnetic wave Marconi begins experimenting with wireless telegraph First radio built First commercial radio broadcast ARPANET was funded by the DARPA Unix-to-Unix copy program Development of CSNET and BITNET Term Internet is coined Establishment of NSFNET CSNET and BITNET merge to form CREN WWW becomes part of the Internet

What is a Computer Network?

Figure 7-1, 7-2 Network Interface Card (NIC) Hub, Switch, Router, Wireless Access Points Server Network Operating System (NOS)

Networking & Communication trends

Separate voice and computer (data) networks Merging of both
  

Telephone companies offering data services Cable companies offering internet, data services Computer networks supporting voice, video

Broadband, 3G, wireless access laptop, blackberry, mobile, bluetooth etc.

Classification of data networks

Classification by Spatial Distance


LAN (Local Area Network)

Less than 5 km, private, Mbps to Gbps

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

5 to 50 km, private/public, kbps to Mbps

WAN (Wide Area Network)

More than 50 km, private/public, kbps to Mbps

Classification of data networks

Classification by Topology
     

Ring Bus Star Tree Mesh Hybrid

Classification of data networks

By Switching Technology


Circuit Switching
Connection-oriented networks, ideal for real-time applications, guaranteed quality of service

 

Message Switching
Store-and-forward system

Packet Switching
Shared facilities, Used for data communications

Classification of data networks

Type of Information


Data Communications
Digital transmission of information

Voice Communications
Telephone communications

Video Communications
Cable TV or video conferencing

Classification of data networks

By Computing Model


Distributed Computing
Client/Server set-up

Centralized Computing
Thin-client architecture

Classification of data networks

By Ownership


Public Network
Owned by a common carrier

Private Network
Built for exclusive use by a single organization

Virtual Private Network

Encrypted tunnels through a shared private or public network

Local Area Networks - protocol

Is a set of rules used for communications between entities in a system Entities
  

User applications e-mail facilities terminals Computer Terminal Remote sensor

Systems
  

What is a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol

Hi Hi
Whats the time?

TCP connection req. TCP connection reply.

Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm

8:00pm
Time for break?

time

<file>

Lets go for break!

specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events

protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

Key elements of a protocol

Syntax
 

Data formats Signal levels Control information Error handling Speed matching Sequencing

Protocols are standards that specify how data is represented when being transferred from one machine to another Protocols specify how the transfer occurs, how errors are detected, and how acknowledgements are passed

Semantics
 

Timing
 

Layered Protocols are designed so that layer n at the destination receives exactly the same object sent by the layer n at the source.

Layered communication
User Layer

Application Layer

Computer (Transport) Layer

Transmission Layer

TCP / IP Protocol

Peer to Peer networking

Node to Node delivery

Exchange using Internet

The Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next.

Data Link Layer

The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from one node to the next.

Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the original source to the final destination.

Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another.

Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

Summary of layers functions

Signals Analog vs Digital

Examples

Local Area Networks

A group of computers & associated devices that share a common communications line / wireless link and typically share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (e.g. within an office building / campus). Usually, the server has applications and data storage that are shared in common by multiple computer users. A local area network may serve as few as two or three users (for example, in a home network) or many as thousands of users. Features
   

Smaller scope, a building or a small campus Usually owned by same organization as attached devices Data rates much higher Usually broadcast systems

Local Area Networks sample config

Source: http://homenethelp.com/home-network.asp http://danbricklin.com/homenetwork.htm

Local Area Networks sample config

Source: http://www.internalauditing.mnscu.edu/NetworkSecurity/FEBCONFB.PDF

Local Area Networks sample config

Source: http://www.uccs.edu/~is681/data_signals_w2.ppt

Local Area Networks - characteristics

Topology


The geometric arrangement of devices on the network or the shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other communications system.
Devices can be connected by twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, or fiber optic cables. Some networks do without connecting media altogether, communicating instead via radio waves A number of hardware devices are used to implement LAN. These devices provide connectivity with in a single LAN or interface with other LANs / Networks. The rules and encoding specifications for sending data. The protocol defines the format and meaning of the data that is exchanged. The protocols also determine whether the network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.

Media


Hardware


Protocols


Local Area Networks - topology

     

Ring Bus Star Tree Mesh Hybrid

Local Area Networks - media

Electrical (Copper)


Coaxial Cable
Single copper conductor in the centre surrounded by a plastic layer for insulation and a braided metal & plastic outer shield

Twisted Pair
Four pairs of wires twisted to certain specification

Fiber Optic


A cable consisting of a center glass core surrounded by layers of plastic that transmits data using light rather than electricity Makes use of electromagnetic waves. Distance and location limitations, wiring configurations, speed, reliability, security, budget

Wireless (Atmosphere)


Criteria for media selection



Local Area Networks media (Copper)

Coaxial Cable


Widely used in LAN initially, now widely used in cable TV, radio equipment CAT5
Ethernet cable standard defined by the Electronic Industry Association and The Industry Association (EIA/TIA) Speeds upto 100 Mbps

Twisted Pair


DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) (Broadband)

High speed (256 Kbps 55 Mbps), fullduplex

Connector
RJ45 Standard connectors used for unshielded twisted pair cable

Source : http://depts.washington.edu/sacg/facilities/workshops/networking/network_adv/hardware.shtml

Local Area Networks media (Fiber)

Fiber Optic


  

Infrared light is transmitted through fiber and confined due to total internal reflection Fibers are made out of either glass or plastic Used for high speed backbones and pipes over long distances Comparatively expensive

Local Area Networks media specification

Ethernet


10BaseT
Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cable (category 3, 4 or 5), transmits signals at 10 Mbps with a distance limit of 100 meters per segment

10BaseF
Ethernet specification for fiber optic cable, transmits signals at 10 Mbps with a distance limit of 2000 meters per segment

100BaseT
Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cable, transmits signals at 100 Mbps with a distance limit of 100 meters per segment

1000BaseTX
Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cable, transmits signals at 1 Gbps with a distance limit of 220 meters per segment
Source : http://fcit.usf.edu/network/glossary.htm

Local Area Network - Ethernet

The most widely used LAN hardware. Developed originally in 1980 as 10 Mbps (10 million bits per second) by Digital, Intel and Xerox Today, the mainstream Ethernet is known as Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) which uses HUB and Category 5 UTP wiring Also Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) is available but limited in distance. The Ethernet card is responsible for frame generation and reception An Ethernet frame encapsulates a network layer packet Ethernet encompasses Data-Link Layer and Physical Layer

Local Area Networks - hardware

Hub
 

An unintelligent network device that sends one signal to all of the stations connected to it. All computers/devices are competing for attention because it takes the data that comes into a port and sends it out all the other ports in the hub. Traditionally, hubs are used for star topology networks, but they are often used with other configurations to make it easy to add and remove computers without bringing down the network. Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model Split large networks into small segments, decreasing the number of users sharing the same network resources and bandwidth. Understands when two devices want to talk to each other, and gives them a switched connection Helps prevent data collisions and reduces network congestion, increasing network performance. Most home users get very little, if any, advantage from switches, even when sharing a broadband connection. Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.

Switch
   

Source: http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm http://handsonhowto.com/lan102.html

Local Area Networks - hardware

Bridge
    

Connects two LANs and forwards or filters data packets between them. Creates an extended network in which any two workstations on the linked LANs can share data. Transparent to protocols and to higher level devices like routers. Forward data depending on the Hardware (MAC) address, not the Network address (IP). Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.

Repeater
   

Used to boost the signal between two cable segments or wireless access points. Can not connect different network architecture. Does not simply amplify the signal, it regenerates the packets and retimes them. Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model.

Source: http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm http://handsonhowto.com/lan102.html

Local Area Networks - hardware

Router
    

A device that connects any number of LANs. Uses standardized protocols to move packets efficiently to their destination. More sophisticated than bridges, connecting networks of different types (for example, star and token ring) Forwards data depending on the Network address (IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address. Routers are the only one of these four devices that will allow you to share a single IP address among multiple network clients. Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.

Source: http://www.practicallynetworked.com/networking/bridge_types.htm http://handsonhowto.com/lan102.html

Local Area Networks - hardware

Additional Network Hardware Devices


Network Interface Cards (NICs)

Puts the data into packets and transmits packet onto the network. May be wired or wireless.

Gateway
Connects networks with different protocols like TCP/IP network and IPX/SPX networks. Routers and Gateways often refer to the same device.

Proxy server
Isolates internal network computers from the internet. The user first access the proxy server and the proxy server accesses the internet and retrieves the requested web page or document. The user then gets a copy of that page from the proxy server.

Source: http://www.camas.wednet.edu/chs/tech/computer_tech/info/routers_hubs_bridges.htm

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

Wireless LANs


A local area network that transmits over the air typically in an unlicensed frequency such as the 2.4GHz band. A wireless LAN does not require lining up devices for line of sight transmission. Wireless access points (base stations) are connected to an Ethernet hub or server and transmit a radio frequency over an area of several hundred to a thousand feet which can penetrate walls and other non-metal barriers. Roaming users can be handed off from one access point to another like a cellular phone system. Laptops use wireless network cards that plug into an existing PCMCIA slot or that are self contained on PC cards, while stand-alone desktops and servers use plug-in cards (ISA, PCI, etc.).

Source: http://www.dslreports.com/faq/2262

Wireless LAN media

Wireless LAN or WLAN
Wireless local area network that uses radio waves as its carrier

Wi-Fi ("Wireless Fidelity)

A set of standards for WLANs based on IEEE 802.11

Wi-Max
Emerging technology that can cover ranges up to 10 miles or more

Satellite/Microwave
High speed media used for longer distances and remote locations

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Networks

Large geographical area Crossing public rights of way Rely in part on common carrier circuits Alternative technologies
   

Circuit switching Packet switching Frame relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Circuit Switching
Dedicated communications path established for the duration of the conversation e.g. telephone network

Packet Switching
Data sent out of sequence Small chunks (packets) of data at a time Packets passed from node to node between source and destination Used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications

Frame Relay
Packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors Modern systems are more reliable Errors can be caught in end system Most overhead for error control is stripped out

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Evolution of frame relay Little overhead for error control Fixed packet (called cell) length Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps Constant data rate using packet switching technique

Mobile & wireless computing

Multiplexing
In a mobile and wireless network, the wireless medium is shared by many nodes. Hence, multiple use of a shared medium is a major challenge in wireless networking. Most decisions for accessing the wireless medium is made in the MAC layer. The wireless channels can be multiplexed (used by multiple machines) in four dimensions :
 

Space (s) Frequency (f)

Time (t) Code (c)

Space multiplexing : Cellular Networks

Same frequency can be reused when the base stations are separated in space. The reuse of frequencies depend on signal propagation range. Example : fixed frequency assignment for reuse with distance 2.

Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM)

The whole spectrum is separated into smaller frequency bands. A band is allocated to a channel for the whole time. This is somewhat inflexible if the traffic is non-uniform. An example is radio or TV broadcast. The bandwidth is wasted if a station is off the air. t

Time Division Multiplex (TDM)

A channel gets the whole frequency spectrum for a certain amount of time. Only one user for the medium at a time. Usually the throughput is high even with many users. However, no two users should use the medium at the same time. Precise synchronization is needed.

Code Division Multiplex (CDM)

Each channel uses a unique code for transmitting. All channels use the same frequency spectrum at the same time. However, signal regeneration is very complex and requires complex HW/SW support. t f c

The Internet

The Internet
The Internet is a network of networks. Today, the Internet connects tens of thousands of networks and millions of computer 1990: 3000 networks ( 200,000 users.) 1992: 992,000 hosts. Present: millions of networks, computers, and users.

The Internet

Naming and Addressing

Uniquely identify processes in different computers for communications.
   

IP address Domain name Port number MAC address

IP Address
Each host interface in the Internet has a unique IP address. IPv4, 32 bits, dotted-decimal notation

IPv6, 128-bit address

Five Classes of IP Addresses

Subnetting
Three levels of an IP address:
  

Network ID Subnet ID Host ID

Subnet mask: separates subnet ID and host ID

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for three things:
  

Assigning IP addresses, that is, the four octets to identify every Internet router, server and workstation Running the root name servers that provide the essential base for the Domain Name System (DNS) Acting as final arbiter and editor for key standards developed by the Internet Community A technique used to express IP addresses via the use of four decimal numbers separated from one another by decimal points

IANA developed the Dotted Decimal Notation



Other Major standards bodies

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
  

Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces Composed of each countrys national standards orgs. Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch) Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data communications interfaces Composed of representatives from each country in UN Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int) Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body) (www.ansi.org) Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards, http://standards.ieee.org Develops Internet standards No official membership (anyone welcome) (www.ietf.org)

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecom Group

  

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)



IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)



IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

 

IP version (IPv6)
IP version 6 (IPv6) has been developed to extend source and destination addresses and provide a mechanism to add new operations with built-in security Although IPv4 is still widely used, over the next few years, the IPv4 32-bit address will be replaced with the IPv6 128-bit address Slow adoption of IPv6 is attributed to the enormous difficulty in changing network-layer protocols

Domain Name
Identify a host User friendly Hierarchically organized Domain Name System (DNS): resolves a domain name to the corresponding IP address.
  

DNS servers and the domain name database Name caching DNS query and reply

The Domain Name Space

Port Number
Address for the application layer user process. Port Number field in TCP or UDP header. Well-known port numbers
  

1 to 255: Internet wide services 256 to 1023: preserved for Unix specific services 1024 and up: ephemeral port numbers

MAC address
used to get datagram from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network) 48 bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in the adapter ROM MAC address allocation administered by IEEE Manufacturers buy portion of MAC address space (to assure uniqueness) Each adapter has a unique MAC address

Internet Services
Email, Instant messaging, Chat World Wide Web Flie Transfer, Telnet VoIP

Voice over IP (VoIP)

VoIP is transmitting telephone calls over the Internet rather than through the traditional telephone system PSTN and IP Internetworking


Assured Quality Routing (AQR) marries packet and circuit switching to automatically reroute calls to the PSTN when parameters do not meet accepted ranges

VoIP Call Process VoIP QoS



Jitter buffer discards and bursts (varying periods of packet loss), are concealed by PLC-enabled vocoders

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

VPNs are encrypted tunnels through a shared private or public network, and are very cost-effective as compared to dedicated or leased lines.


Tunneling is the process of encrypting and then encapsulating the outgoing information in IP packets for transit across the Internet and reversing the process at the receiving end. Encryption involves scrambling of data by use of a mathematical algorithm.

VPN Tunnels and Protocols

LAN-to-LAN or site-to-site tunnels


Usually corporate environments, where users on either LAN can use the tunnel transparently to communicate with one another Need to be set up, so the client must run special software to initiate the creation of a tunnel and then exchange traffic with the corporate network A class of VPN that connects multiple sites over a managed IP/MPLS network to form a single bridged domain Leading protocols are: PPTP, L2TP, and IPSec

Client-to-LAN tunnels


Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)



VPN Protocols


Internet2, Web 2.0, Web 3.0

Internet2 is an outcome of collaborative efforts to address the increasing need for greater bandwidth and sustaining a cuttingedge network capability I2 helps to alleviate traffic jams through the creation of a limited number of regional hubs, called Giga-POPs, which serve as access points for high-performance networks

Intranet & Extranet

Intranet
  

A LAN that uses the Internet technologies within an organization Open only those inside the organization Example: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranet

Extranet
   

A LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an organization including some external constituents Open only those invited users outside the organization Accessible through the Internet Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company over an extranet

Converged Networks
Converged Data/Voice networks


Application of voice digitization and compression techniques to enable voice transmission over networks originally developed to transport data

Characteristics of Converged Data/Voice Networks

      

Low delay, Echo cancellation, Latency and Jitter for voice Call-completion ratio Intelligent network services like AA, caller ID, hunt groups Interface with standard telephone sets Handle megabit data streams for video Low error rates for data Strong security for mission-critical data

Wireless Computing Networks

Bluetooth Wi-Fi Wi-Max

RFID & Sensor networks

HTTP

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

This is the Webs application protocol, operates on the clientServer model. The client and server executing on different endsystems communicate using HTTP messages. Also a HTTP dialogue may be concerned with transferring several files associated with a particular web page. Generally a base HTML file and the files relating to several referenced objects. Persistent and non persistent connections Uniform Resource Locator  protocol (http, ftp, news)  host name (name.domain name)  port (usually 80)  directory path to the resource  resource name  http://mail.yahoo.com/

Non-Persistent HTTP
Connect.Rq TCP

Request File Send File

Disconnect.Rq

Connect.Rq

Persistent HTTP
Connect.Rq

Request File Send File Request File Send File

Request File Send File

Disconnect. Rq

Pervasive networking
Means Networks will be everywhere Exponential growth of network use Many new types of devices will have network capability Exponential growth of data rates for all kinds of networking Broadband communications


Use circuits with 256 Kbps or higher (e.g., DSL)

Integration of voice, video & data

Also called Convergence


Networks that were previously transmitted using separate networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near future

First step largely complete



Integration of voice and data

Next step
 

Video merging with voice and data Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for video

New information services

World Wide Web based


Many new types of information services becoming available

Services that help ensure quality of information received over www

Application Service Providers (ASPs)



Develop specific systems for companies such as providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have one of its own Providing a wide range of info services (email, web, payroll, etc.) (similar to electric or water utilities)

Information Utilities (Future of ASPs)



Implications for management

Embrace change and actively seek to use new aspects of networks toward improving your organization
 

Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytime Information accessed by customers and competitors globally

Use a set of industry standard technologies

  

Can easily mix and match equipment from different vendors Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologies Smaller cost by using a few well known standards

Network Design Triangle

Maturity

Policy

$$$ Cost $$$

Architecture

Protocols

Mobility

Scalability Security QoS Bandwidth

2004 Syzygy Engineering Will Ivancic

Thanks