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Presented by:
Mr. Brian Oram, PG, PASEO Wilkes University GeoEnvironmental Sciences and Environmental Engineering Department Wilkes - Barre, PA 18766 570-408-4619 http://www.water-research.net
Soils Defined
Natural Body that Occurs on the Land Surface that are Characterized by One or More of the Following:
Consists of Distinct Horizons or Layers The ability to support rooted plants in a natural environment Upper Limit is Air or Shallow Water Lower Limit is Bedrock or Limit of Biological Activity Classification based on a typical depth of 2 m or approximately 6.0 feet
Geologic Time
Time
Parent Material
Geological Materials Minerals and Rocks Glacial Materials Loess (wind blown) Alluvial Deposits Marine Deposits Organic Deposits Influences Minerals Present Colors Chemical Reactions Water Movement Soil Development
Glacial Material
Bedrock
Soil Horizons
Layer of Soil Parallel to Surface Properties a function of climate, landscape setting, parent material, biological activity, and other soil forming processes. Horizons (A, E, B, C, R, etc)
Image Source: University of Texas, 2002
Bs Horizon
Bw Horizon
C- Horizons
Distinguished by Color, Structure, and Deposition
Mineral Horizon or Layer, excluding Rock Little or No Soil-Forming May be Similar to Overlying Formation May be Called Parent Material Layer can be Gleyed Developed in Place or Deposited
R- Horizons
Hard, Consolidated Bedrock Typically Underlies a C Horizon, but could be directly below an A or B Horizon.
R Horizon
Group A and B
Group A is sand, loamy sand or sandy loam types of soils. It has low runoff potential and high infiltration rates even when thoroughly wetted. Deep, well to excessively drained sands or gravels and have a high rate of water transmission. Root Limiting / Impermeable layers over 100 cm or 40 inches ***************** Group B is silt loam or loam. It has a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wetted. Moderately deep to deep, moderately well to well drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures. Root Limiting / Impermeable e layers over 50 to 100 cm or 20 to 40 inches
Group C and D
Group C soils are sandy clay loam. They have low infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward movement of water and soils with moderately fine to fine structure. Perched water table 100 to 150 cm or 40 to 60 inches; root limiting 20 to 40 inches. ***************** Group D soils are clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay or clay. They have very low infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of clay soils with a high swelling potential, soils with a permanent high water table, soils with a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface and shallow soils over nearly impervious material ( < 20 inches).
Definitions
Infiltration - The downward entry of water into the immediate surface of soil or other materials. Infiltration Capacity- The maximum rate at which water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of conditions. Infiltration Rate- The rate at which water penetrates the surface of the soil and expressed in cm/hr, mm/hr, or inches/hr. The rate of infiltration is limited by the capacity of the soil and rate at which water is applied to the surface. This is a volume flux of water flowing into the profile per unit of soil surface area (expressed as velocity). Percolation -Vertical and Lateral Movement of water through the soil by gravity.
Infiltration with Time Rate is Initially High Because of a Combination of Capillary and Gravity Forces
Cylinder - 30 cm in Diameter Drive 5 cm or more into Soil Surface or Horizon Water is Ponded Above the Surface Record Volume of Water Added with Time to Maintain a Constant Head Measures a Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Flow
Outer Rings are 6 to 24 inches in Diameter (ASTM - 12 to 24 inches) Mariotte Bottles Can be Used to Maintain Constant Head Rings Driven - 5 cm to 6 inches in the Soil and if necessary sealed
Other Infiltrometers
Readington Silt Loam Deep Moderately Well Drained Low Infiltration Surface, Bd, and Btx High Infiltration in C and R Horizons
Infiltration Rate Function of Horizon A, B, Btx, Bt, C, R C/R Testing - Areas Fractured Rock
Evaluation Infiltration
Step 1: Desktop Assessment - GIS Review Published Data Related to Soils, Geology, Hydrology Step 2: Characterize the Hydrological Setting Where are the Discharge and Recharge Zones? What forms of Natural Infiltration or Depression Storage Occurs? Step 3: On-Site Assessment Deep Soil Testing Throughout Site Based on Soils and Geological Data Double Ring Infiltration Testing How will water move through the site ? Step 4: Engineering Review and Evaluation Step 5: Additional Infiltration or On-site Testing Step 6: Final Design
Green-Ampt Equation
Green-Ampt model was the first physically-based model/equation describing the infiltration of water into soil. The model yields cumulative infiltration and the infiltration rate as an implicit function of time. The volume of infiltration was a function of:
Soil pores are saturated behind wetting front; Wetting front moves in response to capillary forces; and Darcys flow governs that headloss in the saturated zone. Approx. Equation: f = (A/F)+B; f = infiltration rate, F accumulative infiltration, and A and B are fitted parameters The Green-Ampt Model has been modified to calculate water infiltration into non-uniform soils by several researchers . In 1989, GALAYER was developed for heterogenous soils Models Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ada/csmos/ninflmod.html http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/soil_water/drainmod/dmversions.htm
where: F = total depth of infiltrated water in mm. t = time in seconds K = hydraulic conductivity in mm/sec m = the average moisture content of the soil to the depth of the wetting front m--0 = initial soil moisture content - based on API calculation or input Pot = capillary potential at the wetting front in mm