Switching Regulators

INTRODUCTION
Linear regulators have one major disadvantage: a large part of the power is dissipated by the regulator rather than delivered to the load. A switching regulator offers improvements in system efficiency by dissipating only small amounts of energy in the regulator. By turning the pass transistor on and off instead of regulating it in a linear fashion, efficiency is improved. 2

Switched-Mode Power Supply

SMPS can also be classified into four types according to the input and output waveforms, as follows. AC in, DC out: rectifier, off-line converter DC in, DC out: voltage converter, or current converter, or DC to DC converter AC in, AC out: frequency changer, cycloconverter DC in, AC out: inverter 3

SMPS compared with linear PSUs

There are two main types of regulated power supplies available: SMPS and Linear. The reasons for choosing one type or the other can be summarized as follows. Size and weight Efficiency Heat output or power dissipation Complexity Radio frequency interference Electronic noise at the output terminals Acoustic noise Power factor Electronic noise at the input terminals 4

Switching Power Supply: Block Diagram

review how inductors charge and discharge

review how inductors charge and discharge

Types of SMPS
Switched-mode power supplies can be classified according to the circuit topology. Buck converter (single inductor; output voltage is less than the input voltage) Boost converter (single inductor; output voltage is greater than the input voltage) buck-boost converter (single inductor; output voltage can be more or less than the input voltage) flyback converter (uses output transformer; allows multiple outputs and input-to-output 8 isolation)

BUCK CONVERTER
The operation of the buck converter is fairly simple, with an inductor and two switches (usually a transistor and a diode) that control the inductor. It alternates between connecting the inductor to source voltage to store energy in the inductor and discharging the inductor into the load.
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BUCK CONVERTER (cont)

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BUCK CONVERTER (cont)

When the switch pictured above is closed (On-state), the voltage across the inductor is VL = Vi Vo. The current through the inductor rises linearly. As the diode is reverse-biased by the voltage source V, no current flows through it; When the switch is opened (off state), the diode is forward biased. The voltage across the inductor is VL = VO (neglecting diode drop). The current IL decreases. The energy stored in inductor L is Therefore, it can be seen that the energy stored in L increases during On-time (as IL increases) and then decrease during the Off-state. L is used to transfer energy from the input to the output of the converter. With VL equal to Vi Vo during the On-state and to Vo during the Off-state. 11

BUCK REGULATOR CIRCUIT

Vout ! Vin D

where : D ! duty Vin ! input

cycle !

t on T at buck converter
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voltage

Also called as STEP-DOWN SWITCHING RGULATOR.

BUCK REGULATOR CIRCUIT (cont)

When VOUT attempts to decrease, the ON-time of Q1 increases.

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BUCK REGULATOR CIRCUIT (cont)

When VOUT attempts to increase, the ON-time of Q1 decreases.

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BOOST CONVERTER
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output dc voltage greater than its input dc voltage. It is a class of (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches and at least one energy storage element. Filters made of inductor and capacitor combinations are often added to a converters output to improve performance.

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BOOST CONVERTER (cont)

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BOOST CONVERTER (cont)

When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor (IL) never falls to zero. The output voltage can be calculated as follow, in the case of an ideal converter (i.e using components with an ideal behaviour) operating in steady conditions: A. During the On-state, the switch S is closed, causing the current in the inductor to increase at a rate given by: B. During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If we consider zero voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to remain constant, the evolution of IL is:
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BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT

Vout

Vin ! (1  D )
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Also called as STEP-UP SWITCHING RGULATOR.

BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT (cont)

When Q1 is ON

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BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT (cont)

When Q1 is OFF

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BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

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BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER (cont)

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BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER (cont)

If the current through the inductor L nevers falls to zero during a commutation cycle, the converter is said to operate in continuous mode. From t=0 to D.T, the converter is in On-State, so the switch S is closed. The rate of change in the inductor current (IL) is therefore given by: During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If we assume zero voltage drop in the diode (we consider an ideal diode), and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to remain constant, the evolution of IL is:
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BUCK-BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT

Vout

 Vin D ! (1  D )
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Also called as INVERTING SWITCHING RGULATOR.

BUCK-BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT (cont)

When Q1 is ON, D1 is reversed-biased

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BUCK-BOOST REGULATOR CIRCUIT (cont)

When Q1 is OFF, D1 is forward-biased

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