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System Design
Power Budget Each component introduces a loss. Thus, while designing an optical communication system, we must ensure that the components of the links do not cause a cumulative loss higher than PS PR; PS (dBm) is the amount of output power from the light source and PR (dBm) is the minimum detectable optical power of the receiver. The process is called link power budgeting procedure.
Rise Time Budget Similarly, the slowest component in the system will ultimately control the system bandwidth since the system response time cannot be faster than the response time of the slowest component. Each element of the link is fast enough to meet the given bit rate. The process is called link rise time budgeting procedure.
Power budget
Each component in the optical link has a specific loss in dB. If Pi and Po are the power in and out to the component respectively, the loss Li of the component is given by Li = 10 log(Po/Pi) Apart from the component losses, a certain amount of power margin Psm, called as system margin, is required for unexpected losses. Thus, the power budget equation can be written as
P = PS PR = Ls + Ld + NLj + EL + Psm
P = power margin PS = source power PR = received power N = no. of joints Ls = source coupling loss Ld = detector coupling loss Lj = joint loss E = fibre attenuation Psm = system margin L = total fiber length
Total optical power loss allowed between the light source and the photodetector
where PS = source power; PR = received power; m = no. of connectors;
Try Examples 8.1 & 8.2 (in the book by Gerd Keiser)
t sys !
t i2 ! t t 2 t mat 2 t mod 2 t r 2
i !1
where tt = transmitter rise time tmat = material dispersion rise time of the fibre tmod = modal dispersion (broadening in time) of the fiber tr = receiver rise time
Hence the system speed is affected by the parameters as stated above. 0.7 0.35 Max. allowed rise time ts max ! , OR ts max ! B NRZ B RZ
NRZ
Total rise time of a digital link should not exceed 70% for a NRZ bit period 35% of a RZ bit period
Direct detection
The optical signal is directly converted to base band by the photo detector
Coherent detection
The incoming light is combined with a local light (local oscillator laser) and the combined beam is detected by the photo detector The output current is a base band signal if the local oscillator frequency is equal to the optical carrier frequency which is called homodyne reception If the local oscillator frequency differs from the incoming optical frequency (heterodyne), then the output of the photo detector is an IF (intermediate frequency) signal.
The IF signal is then filtered by a band pass filter (BPF) and demodulated by an IF demodulator. Finally the output of the demodulator is passed through the decision circuit and finally to a low pass filter to get information signal.
The generalized coherent detection scheme is shown in the figure below
MULTIPLEXING SCHEMES
There are three main multiplexing schemes used in optical communications: Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) Optical frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) Sub carrier multiplexing (SCM)
OPTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OTDM) In this scheme, the optical transmitters are separately modulated by the signals from the different channels. The type of modulation may be IM, ASK, PSK or FSK. The transmitting laser have the same wavelength. The optical pulses from the transmitters are time multiplexed by sending clock signals to the transmitters. The time multiplexed optical pulses are then transmitted through the optical fiber. At the receiving end, the optical pulses are de-multiplexed by an optical TDM de-multiplexer. The output of the de-multiplexers are then received by separate photo detectors followed by receivers. The block diagram is shown in following figure
OFDM
If the separation between the wavelengths is large, the frequency separation is small. Then the scheme is called Frequency division multiplexing (FDM). In this case as wavelength separation is large, it is not suitable to use grating WDM multiplexers or de-multiplexers for separating the frequencies. The frequencies can be separated by using filters.
WDM
If the separation between the wavelengths is very small like 1 nm or less, then frequency separation is very large such as 125 GHz. corresponding to wavelength separation of 1 nm. In this case it is possible to use the grating multiplexers to multiplex or de-multiplex the wavelengths. Then the scheme is called WDM.
Any particular channel may be selected by tuning the local oscillator which may be a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The block diagram of the SCM scheme is shown in the figure below
DEMODULATION SCHEMES IN COHERENT DETECTION There are two basic types of demodulation in coherent detection of optical signals Synchronous demodulation Non-Synchronous demodulation. Synchronous demodulation In synchronous demodulation, the IF modulated signal is mixed with an IF carrier recovered from the IF signal. At the output of the mixer the base band signal is received which is filtered by a low pass filter and fed to the decision circuit. Synchronous demodulation can be used for ASK, PSK or FSK.
Non-Synchronous demodulation
Non-synchronous demodulation can be applied only for ASK and FSK. In this scheme, the demodulation is carried out by envelope detection. The block diagrams of ASK and FSK envelope detection receiver is shown below
ASK
FSK