Estimation of Enhanced Design Base Shear Requirement for Buildings Designed As Per IS Codes Prior to IS:1893-2002 By Seismic Coefficient

Method And Estimation of Enhanced Design Base Shear for Strengthening the Existing RC Buildings Designed As Per IS Codes Prior to IS:18932002 by Seismic Coefficient Method
RAMA RAJU.K CINITHA.A KAMATCHI.P NAGESH.R.IYER LAKSHMANAN.N
VIBRAT ION CONTROL GROUP, S RUCTRAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTRE,CHENNAI-600 113

Introduction

Paper 1

The existing low/medium-rise buildings designed as per the old codes of practice are required to be retrofitted to comply with the base shear requirement of present IS: 1893-2002 Seismic Coefficient Method (less than 8-Storeys and below 40m ht)

Seismic Base Shear

Type of Building frame Seismic zone upgradation Site soil condition Importance Factor Response reduction factor

Estimation of Enhanced Base Shear

for 3 Building models

Introduction

cont----

Paper 2

Seismic Base Shear

Type of Building frame Seismic zone buildings located Site soil condition Importance Factor Response reduction factor

Effect of soil foundation system

Estimation of Enhanced Base Shear for 2 Building models

Evaluation Of Enhanced Design Base Shear of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Outline
 Enhanced Design Base Shear requirement of Existing Buildings
(with infill and without infill) as per IS:1893-2002 by Seismic Coefficient Method for two revisions of Seismic Codes studied are IS:1893-1966, 1984

 Estimation of Enhanced Base Shear (Seismic coefficient

Method) for Three Building models

 Results and Discussion

 Seismic Coefficient Method is used for regular buildings less

than 8-Storeys and below 40m height.

 In this method, Seismic Base Shear depends on

 Type of Building frame,  Fundamental period of the building,  Seismic zone buildings located,  Site soil condition,  Importance Factor,  Response reduction factor

Mapping Seismic Zones to Intensities in IS:1893

Evolution of Seismic Zones in IS:1893-2002
In IS 1893-1970,IS1893-1975 In IS 1893-1962 and IS1893-1966 Estimation of Base shear based on IS:1893 In IS 1893-2002 Table I.1 and IS1893-1984 IS Codes IS 1893-1966 IS 1893-1984 IS 1893-2002 Equations for Modified MMI Base Seismic Seismic Modified CISSeismic Zone MMI Scale Scale with Shear Zone Zone 64 CIS-64 Constants C coefficient defining the Where For structure T <0.1 s ; flexibility of structure If Ah ; Ah=Z/2 coefficient depending upon the with the increase in 0 Below V soil foundation system number of storeys. Where, V and below II Basic horizontal seismic VI and below Where I V Where, coefficient Z. Zone factor given in n number of storeys K performance factor depending II VI VI including basement floors II Table I.2 for MCE and on the structure framing service life of structure in Seismic coefficient system and brittleness or a III VII III VII III zone.* VII ductility of construction R Response reduction factor IV VIII IV Design seismic coefficient VIII IV VIII depending on the perceived seismic damage T Fundamental time period of V IX V the building in seconds Vperformance of the C coefficient definingabove structure, IX and above IX and the flexibility of structure with the Sa/g Average response VI X and above acceleration coefficient increase in number of storeys depending upon fundamental Note: Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI) Comprehensive Intensity Scale (CIS-64) Ah Design horizontal seismic time period T coefficient

Note: Seismic weight of the building (W); Importance factor, depending upon the Functional use of the structures (I) * The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) zone factor to the factor for Design Basis Earthquake ( DBE ).

Estimation of Base shear based on IS:1893

Equation for Base shear as per IS:1893-1966, 1984, 2002 codes
IS 1893-1966 IS 1893-1984 IS 1893-2002

VB = C

hW

VB = KC
Where,
h

hW

VB = AhW
For structure T <0.1 s ; If Ah Z; Ah = Z / 2 Where,
Z I Sa 2 R g

C coefficient defining the flexibility of structure with the increase in number of storeys.
9 (n5) 1 for frame buildings 1.33 for frame buildings having load bearing walls Where, n number of storeys including basement floors E h Seismic coefficient varies with the type of soil and seismic zones C!

= I

Coefficient depending upon type of soil and foundation system o Basic horizontal seismic coefficient varies w.r.t seismic zones K Performance factor depending on the structure framing system and brittleness or ductility of construction h Design seismic coefficient T Fundamental time period of the building in seconds C Coefficient defining the flexibility of structure with the increase in number of storeys depending upon fundamental time period T

Ah !

Where Z Zone factor given for MCE and service life of structure in a zone.* R Response reduction factor depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of the structure, Sa/g Average response acceleration coefficient varies with type of soil Ah Design horizontal seismic coefficient

Note: Seismic weight of the building (W); Importance factor, depending upon the Functional use of the structures (I), * The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) zone factor to the factor for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE ).

Details of the buildings considered for estimation of base shear

Details
Type of building No. of Storeys Type of Foundation Dead load

Example 1
Office

Example 2
Commercial

Example 3
Office

4 Raft

6 Isolated RCC footings with Tie beams 5.5/m2 on the roof 11.8kN/m2 on Floors 1.5kN/m2 on the roof 4kN/m2 on floors

8 Pile foundation

10kN/m2 on the roof 12kN/m2 on Floors 1.5kN/m2 on the roof 4kN/m2 on floors

6.07kN/m2 on floors

Live load

1kN/m2 on floors 3kN/m2 on floors

Note: The buildings considered do not have any vertical plan irregularities

3@7.5

4@5

Fig.1 4-Storeyed Building Configuration (Ex.1)

All dimensions are in m

3@7.5

4.1 3@7.5 1.1

Fig.2 6-Storey Commercial Building Configuration (Ex.2)

All dimensions are in m

3@7.5

3@ 7.5

Fig.3 8-Storey Office Building Configuration (Ex.3)

All dimensions are in m

8@3

5@5

4.2

3@3.2

Results and Discussion

Base Shear (kN) Without infill Zone I II III IV V VI Zone I II III IV V VI 1966 0 231.74 463.48 579.35 695.2 926.95 1966 115.87 347.61 579.35 695.2 926.95 1158.69 Hard Soil 1984 104.28 208.56 417.13 521.41 834.26 2002 357.62 572.19 858.29 1287.43

EX.1
Additional % BS requirement as per PS Hard Soil 1966 1984 100 70.84 35.20 41.68 19.00 27.10 32.50 39.25 46.00 35.20 28.00 Medium Soil 1966 1984 Additional % BS requirement as per PS Hard Soil 1966 1984 100 76 52 52 40 40 50 50 60 46.67 46.67 Medium Soil 1966 1984 76 76 28 52.00 25 40.00 40 50.00 46.67 46.67 33.33 Soft Soil 1966 1984 52 76 52.00 4 10 40.00 20 50.00 33.33 46.67 20 46.67

Variation in BS with respect to seismic zones as per IS:1893, 4-Storeyed Building (Ex.1)
Base Shear (kN) With infill 1966 0 312 624 780 936 1248 Hard Soil 1984 156 312 624 780 1248 2002 650 1040 1560 2340 2002 650 1040 1560 2340 2002 650 1040 1560 2340

Medium Soil 1984 2002 104.28 482.79 208.56 417.13 772.46 521.41 1158.69 834.26 Soft Soil 1984 104.28 208.56 417.13 521.41 1738.04

76.00
28.00 25.00 40.00 46.67 33.33

78.40
56.80 46.00 55.00 52.00 Soft Soil 1984 78.40 56.80 46.00 55.00 52.00

Zone 1966 2002 1966 I 231.74 52.00 482.79 II 463.48 4.00 III 695.21 772.46 10.00 IV 926.95 1158.69 20.00 V 1158.69 33.33 834.26 1738.04 VI 1390.43 20.00 Note: BS Base Shear; PS Present version of IS 1893:2002

Medium Soil 1966 1984 156 156 468 312 780 624 936 780 1248 1248 1560 Soft Soil 1966 1984 312 156 624 312 936 624 1248 780 1560 1248 1872

Results and Discussion

Base Shear (kN) Without infill Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zone 1 2 1966 0 411.9 823.8 1029.75 1235.7 1647.6 1966 205.95 617.85 1029.75 1235.7 1647.6 2059.5 1966 411.9 823.8 Hard Soil 1984 205.95 411.9 823.8 1029.75 1647.6 Medium Soil 1984 205.95 411.9 823.8 1029.75 1647.6 Soft Soil 1984 247.14 494.28 662.16 1059.45 1589.17 2383.76 2002 813.09 2002 486.88 779.00 1168.51 1752.76 2002

EX. 2
Additional % Base Shear requirement as per PS Hard Soil 1966 1984 100 57.70 15.40 -5.75 Base Shear (kN) With infill 1966 0 589.29 1178.58 1473.23 1767.87 2357.16 1966 294.65 883.94 1473.23 1767.87 2357.16 2946.45 1966 589.29 1178.58 1767.87 2357.16 2946.45 3535.74 Hard Soil 1984 294.645 589.29 1178.58 1473.23 2357.16 Medium Soil 1984 294.65 589.29 1178.58 1473.23 2357.6 Soft Soil 1984 353.57 707.15 1414.30 1767.87 2828.59 1636.92 2619.07 3928.6 5892.9 2002 1190.49 1904.78 2857.16 4285.75 2002 Additional % BS requirement as per PS Hard Soil 1966 1984 100 75.25 50.50 38.13 50.50

Variation in BS with respect to seismic zones as per IS:1893, 6-Storey Commercial Building (Ex.2)

15.40
-5.75

38.13

11.88 11.88 29.50 6.00 6.00 Medium Soil 1966 1984

48.44 48.44 58.75 45.00 45.00 Medium Soil 1966 1984

68.90
6.69

68.90 37.79 22.24 35.20 30.88 13.60

82.00
46.00 43.75 55 60 50

82.00
64.00 55.00 62.50 59.99

2.80
22.24 30.88 13.60

Soft Soil 1966 1984 49.34 -1.32

2002 1636.92 2619.07 3928.6 5892.6

Soft Soil 1966 1984 64.00 78.40 56.80 46.00 55.00 52.00

69.60
39.21 24.01 36.68 32.46

28.00
32.50 40.00 50.00 40.00

3 1235.7 988.56 1300.94 5.01 4 1647.6 1235.7 1951.41 15.57 5 2059.5 29.64 1977.12 2927.12 6 2471.4 15.57 Note: BS Base Shear; PS Present version of IS 1893:2002

Results and Discussion

Base Shear (kN) Without infill Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zone 1 2 1966 0 305.10 610.21 762.76 915.31 1220.41 1966 152.55 457.65 762.76 915.31 1220.41 1525.51 1966 305.10 610.21 Hard Soil 1984 141.50 282.99 565.99 707.48 1131.98 Medium Soil 1984 141.497 282.99 565.99 707.48 1131.98 Soft Soil 1984 141.50 282.99 2002 454.92 727.87 1091.80 1637.70 2002 618.69 989.9 1484.85 2227.27 2002 759.71

EX. 3
Additional % BS requirement as per PS Hard Soil 1966 1984 100.00 76.51 62.74 53.02

Variation with respect to seismic zones as per IS:1893, 8-Storey office Building (Ex.3) with Pile foundation resting on hard Soil
Additional % BS requirement as per PS Hard Soil 1966 1984 100.00 68.90 32.93 37.79 Base Shear (kN) With infill 1966 0 375.28 750.57 938.21 1125.85 1501.13 1966 187.64 562.92 938.21 1125.85 1501.13 1876.41 1966 375.22 750.57 1125.85 1501.13 1876.41 2251.70 Hard Soil 1984 236.59 473.18 946.37 1182.96 1892.73 Medium Soil 1984 236.59 473.18 946.37 1182.96 1892.77 Soft Soil 1984 236.59 473.18 946.37 1182.96 1892.73 2002 1007.2 1611.52 2417.28 4079.16 2002 1133.1 1812.96 2719.44 4079.16

16.16

22.24

30.14 35.20 44.11 30.88 25.48 Medium Soil 1966 1984

41.27 53.42 61.19 51.06 72.40 53.60 63.20 Medium Soil 1966 1984 83.44 79.12
50.32 58.24 48.25 47.80 58.60 56.50 63.20 53.60 54.00 Soft Soil 1966 1984 66.89 79.12 58.24 47.78 56.50 53.60

75.34

26.03 22.95 38.36 45.21 49.18 31.51 Soft Soil 1966 1984 59.84

77.13 54.26 42.82 52.35

2002 1133.1 1812.16 2719.44 4079.16

81.37
62.75 53.44 61.20 58.61

19.68 3 915.31 565.99 1215.54 24.70 4 1220.41 707.48 1823.3 33.07 5 1525.51 44.22 1131.98 2734.95 6 1830.62 33.07 Note: BS Base Shear; PS Present version of IS 1893:2002

33.76
37.87 44.80 54.00 44.80

Summary and Conclusion

 The base shears of buildings are found to be varying not only because
of zone up gradation, but also with other parameters such as type of foundation and type of soil in the three revisions of IS:1893. shear capacity.

 Both with infill and without infill buildings need enhancements in base  From the studies, it is observed that there is a mandatory requirement to
find the enhanced base shear requirement (4-80%) as per present code IS:1893-2002 for existing buildings designed as per IS:1893-1966 and 1984 codes. shear force in the existing buildings and to conform to present code of practice, IS:1893-2002.

 Some retrofitting measures need to be taken for resisting this enhanced

Estimation of Enhanced Design Base Shear for Strengthening the Existing RC Buildings Designed As Per IS Codes Prior to IS:1893-2002 by Seismic Coefficient Method

RAMA RAJU.K CINITHA.A KAMATCHI.P NAGESH.R.IYER

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Seismic Base Shear

Type of Building frame Seismic zone buildings located Site soil condition Importance Factor Response reduction factor

Effect of soil foundation system

As per IS: 1893-2002,

Foundations need to be designed such that design forces on

structures standing on rocks or soils which do not settle, liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during ground vibrations.

The foundations vulnerable for settlements are avoided in

zones III, IV and V

The code recommends providing ties in between the isolated

footings in zone IV and V.

The axial force in ties is restricted to Ah/4, where Ah is the

design horizontal seismic coefficient.

IS:1893-1984
Types of Foundations specified as per IS:1893-1984 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Raft Piles passing through any soil Foundations and not resting on hard soil Combined or isolated RCC Footings with Tie Beams

Type 1 Piles passing through any soil and resting on hard soil

Type 6

Isolated RCC Footings Well without Tie Beams or Foundations Unreinforced strip foundations

Values of Soil Foundation system coefficient as per IS:1893-1984 and IS:1893-2002 Case 1( F=1) Case 2 ( F=1.2) Case3 ( F=1.5) Case 4 (Sa/g) IS:1893-2002, Soft soil

Foundations of types 5 Foundations of All other foundations and and 6 in Medium Soil, types 5 and 6 in soils not mentioned in and types 2 and 4 in Soft Soft Soil. type 2, type 3 Soil

As per IS: 1893-2002,

3 2.5 Type I (Rock, or Hard Soil) Type II (medium Soil) 2 Type III (Soft Soil)

1.5

0.5

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Periods (s)

Fig.1 Response Spectra for rock and soil sites for 5 percent damping
For Type 1 Rocky or Hard Soil Sites:

 Foundations need to be designed such that design forces on structures standing on rocks or soils which do not settle, liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during ground vibrations.  The foundations vulnerable for settlements are avoided in zones III, IV and V  The code recommends providing ties in between the isolated footings in zone IV and V.  The axial force in ties is restricted to Ah/4, where Ah is the design horizontal seismic coefficient.
0.00 e T e 0.10 0.10 e T e 0.40 0.40 e T e 4.00 0.00 e T e 0.10 0.10 e T e 0.55 0.55 e T e 4.00 0.00 e T e 0.10 0.10 e T e 0.67 0.67 e T e 4.00

Effect of soil conditions on spectral accelerations as per IS 1893-2002

Spectral Acceration Coefficient (sa/g)

N " 30

For Type II Medium Soil Sites

10 N 30

For Type II Soft Soil Sites

N 10

 15T 1 Sa !2.50 g .00 1 T  15T 1 Sa !2.50 g .36 1 T  15T 1 Sa !2.50 g .67 1 T

Table.3 The variation in Base Shear with respect to Soil-Foundation system Coefficient as per IS:1893-1984 (Ex. 1) Zone Without Infill Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 F=1 (kN) I II F=1.2 (kN) F=1.5 (kN) (kN) Case1 Case2 Case3 205.95 247.14 308.925 411.9 494.28 617.85 813.09 74.67 69.60 49.34 39.21 62.01 24.01 5.01 294.65 353.58 441.975 589.29 707.148 883.935 1636.92 Additional BS (%) With Infill Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 F=1 (kN) F=1.2 (kN) F=1.5 (kN) (Sa/g) (kN) Case1 Case2 Case3 81.99 78.40 72.99 64.00 56.80 46.001 Additional BS (%) with respect to Case 4

(Sa/g) with respect to Case 4

823.8 988.56 1235.7 1300.94 36.68 24.01 IV 1029.75 1235.7 1544.6251951.41 47.23 36.68 V 1647.6 1977.12 2471.4 2927.12 43.71 32.46

1178.58 1414.30 1767.87 2619.07 55.00 46.00 32.50

26.34 1473.23 1767.88 2209.85 3928.6 62.49 54.99 43.75 15.57 2357.16 2828.59 3535.74 5892.6 59.99 51.99 39.99

Note: Base Shear (BS) : 6-Storey commercial building (Ex.1 )

Table.4 The variation in Base shear with respect to Soil-Foundation system Coefficient as per IS:1893-1984 (Ex. 2) Zon e Without Infill Additional BS (%) Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 F=1 F=1.2 F=1.5 (Sa/g) with respect to Case 4 (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) Case1 Case2 Case3 I 141.5 169.8 212.25 759.71 81.37 62.75 77.65 55.30 44.12 53.44 50.33 72.06 44.13 30.16 41.80 37.92 With Infill Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Additional BS (%) F=1 F=1.2 F=1.5 (Sa/g) with respect to Case 4 (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) Case1 Case2 Case3 236.59 283.91 354.89 473.18 567.82 709.77 1133.1 79.12 58.24 74.94 68.68 37.36 37.36 37.33 21.67 56.50 34.75 44.32 30.40

II 282.99 339.59 424.49

565.99 679.19 848.991215.5 53.44 IV 707.48 848.98 1061.21823.3 61.20 V 1132 1358.38 1698 2735 58.61

946.37 1135.64 1419.56 1812.16 47.78 1182.96 1419.55 1774.44 2719.44 56.49 1892.73 2271.28 2839.10 4079.16 53.60

Note : Base Shear (BS): 8-Storey office building (Ex.2 )

Summary and Conclusion

The base shears of buildings are found to be varying not only because of zone upgradation, but also with other parameters such as type of foundation and type of soil in the three revisions of IS: 1893.

The effect of soil foundation system on enhanced design base shear has been accounted for in IS: 1893-2002 by proper choice of foundation scheme avoiding foundation settlements.