Environmental science Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, (including but

not limited to Ecology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Soil Science, Geology, Atmospheric Science and Geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of

environmental systems01 Air Pollution and Control Air pollution from sources such as flue gases, exhaust gases, odors, dust, smog and microorganisms; Control techniques and equipment; Sampling and analytical techniques and equipment; Waste gas recovery; Biological, ecological and socio-economic effects; Air pollution chemistry. For effect on public health, See 24/07, Environmental Health and Safety. For pesticides and radioactive contaminants, See 24/05, Pesticides Pollution and Control, and 24/06, Radiation Pollution and Control. 02 Noise Pollution and Control Pollution in the environment by noise from any acoustic source including engine noise, traffic and transportation noise, machinery noise, industrial noise, urban noise, sonic boom; Theory and devices for control; Noise detection and measurement; Biological, ecological and socio-economic effects. For the effects on public health, See 24/07, Environmental Health and Safety. 03 Solid Wastes Pollution and Control Pollution by solid wastes including garbage, scrap, junked automobiles, spoil, sludge, containers; Disposal methods such as composting, injection wells, incineration, and sanitary landfills; Mining wastes; Materials separation, processing and recovery; Recycling; Biological, ecological and socio-economic effects. For the effects on public health, See 24/07, Environmental Health and Safety. For the disposal of pesticides and radioactive contaminants and wastes, See 24/05, Pesticides Pollution and Control, and 24/06, Radiation Pollution and Control, respectively. 04 Water Pollution and Control Water pollution by municipal, agricultural and industrial wastes, mine waters, radioactive contaminants; Chemistry and analysis of pollutants; Thermal pollution; Oil pollution; Control techniques and equipment; Sewage treatment including the design and construction of sewers and drinking water treatment facilities; Biological, ecological and socio-economic effects; Waste water reuse. For the effects on public health, See 24/07, Environmental Health and Safety. For pollution by pesticides and radioactive contaminants, See 24/05, Pesticides Pollution and Control, and 24/06, Radiation Pollution and Control, respectively. 05 Pesticides Pollution and Control Pollution by insecticides, herbicides, fungicides; Decomposition studies; Analysis and detection; Biological, ecological and socio-economic effects. For the effects on public health, See 24/07, Environmental Health and Safety. 06 Radiation Pollution and Control Pollution of the environment by particle and electromagnetic radiation from electric fields, magnetic fields or natural and man made sources including neutrons, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, alpha particles; Sampling and analytical techniques; Radioactive fallout; Biological ecological and socio-economic effects. Includes controlled disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors. For the effects on public health, See 24/07, Environmental Health and Safety.

Importance of water
Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces.[1][2] Under nomenclature used to name chemical compounds, Dihydrogen monoxide is the scientific name for water, though it is almost never used.[3] Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface,[4] and is vital for all known forms of life.[5] On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found mostly in oceans; 1.7% in groundwater; 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland; a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[6][7] Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products

Water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,[1][2] and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.[2] An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day.[3] Some 90% of China's cities suffer from some degree of water pollution,[4] and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water.[5] In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted.[6] Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water

source pollution
Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. The U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA) defines point source for regulatory enforcement purposes.[8] The CWA definition of point source was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial stormwater, such as from construction sites.[9] [edit] Non point sources Non point source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in stormwater from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution. Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source. However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a nonpoint source

Soil classification