Meaning of Chemical Formula

y Chemical formula is used to represent a chemical compound y The formula of a molecule tells us a) The name of the atoms present b) The number of atoms of each element present y Example : water ; H2O -H represent hydrogen -O represent oxygen -the number 2 represent the number of hydrogen atoms present y Example : sulphuric acid ; H2SO4 - one molecule of sulphuric acid contains 2 atoms hydrogen, 1 atom sulphur and 4 atom oxygen

Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

y Empirical formula shows only the simplest ratio of elements in it y Molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of element in it y Example : Butene the molecular formula C4H8 the empirical formula CH2 y Empirical formula may or may not be the same as the molecular formula. y Example : CO2 in a molecule of carbon dioxide, there are 2 atoms oxygen and 1 atom of carbon. Its molecular formula is CO2

Molecular formula

Similarity

Empirical formula

Both types of formula contain the same type of elements

Differences

Shows the exact mole atom of each constituent element

The number of mole atom in the formula

Shows only the simplest ratio of the constituent elements

The mass is always fixed

Formula mass

Smaller mass unless it is the same as the molecular formula

Example 1 : 1.69 g of iron combine with 0.72 g of oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide. [ relative atomic mass : Fe,56 ; O,16 ]
Steps Mass of content Relative atomic mass Number of moles
=

Fe 1.69 56

O 0.72 16

= 0.03 Ratio of the number of moles X 2 to change ratio into whole numbers

= 0.045

=1 2

1.5 3

Empirical formula is Fe2O3

y Example 2

0.91 g of aluminium burns in air to form 1.7 g of aluminium oxide. What is the formula of aluminium oxide ? [ relative atomic mass : Al,27 ; O,16 ] = empirical formula is Al2O3
y Example 3

the following is the percentage composition of hydrated magnesium sulphate : Mg,9.8% ; S,13% ; O,26% ; H2O,51.2%. Calculate the empirical formula of hydrated magnesium sulphate. [ relative atomic mass : Mg,24 ; S,32 ; H,1 ; O,16 ] = empirical formula is MgSO4.7H2O

y Example 4

the following is the percentage composition of calcium carbonate : Ca = 40%, C = 12%, O = 48%. Calculate the empirical formula of calcium carbonate. [ relative atomic mass : Ca,40 ; C,12 ; O,16 ] = empirical formula is CaCO3 y Example 5 the decomposition of 7.36 g of a compound produces 6.93 g of oxygen. The rest of the mass is hydrogen. If the relative molecular mass of this compound is 34.0 g calculate its molecular formula. [ relative atomic mass : H,1 ; O,16 ] = molecular formula is H2O2

y Example 6

the empirical formula of ethene is (CH3)n. Its molecular formula mass is 30. calculate the formula of this compound. = molecular formula for ethene is C2H6
y Example 7

the empirical formula of benzene is CH. If its relative molecular mass is 78, what is its molecular formula ? = the molecular formula for benzene is C6H6

Ionic Formulae
y In an ionic compound, positive and negative ions are

joined together by ionic bonds.

Ions with 1+ Li + Na+ K+ Ions with 2 + Mg2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Ions with 3+ Al3+ Fe3+ Cr3+

Ions with 1FCl Br-

Ions with 2O2CO SO42-

Ions with 3N3PO43-

y The charge on an ion is related to its position in the

Periodic Table
Group Charge 1 1+ 2 2+ Mg2+ 13 3+ Al3+ 14 15 16 2O217 1Cl 18 0 Ne

example Na+

y During the formation of an ionic compound, the

number of positive charges ( + ) must balance the number of negative charges ( - ) y Way to write the ionic compound formula :
1. 2.

Write the ions side by side The number of the charges on the ion is exchanged with each other

y Example 1

the ions of zinc chloride ; Zn2+ and Cly Example 2

= ZnCl2

the ions of sodium oxide ; Na+ and O2y Example 3

= Na2O

the ions of aluminium sulphate ; Al3+ and SO42= Al2(SO4)3

y Example 4

the ions of magnesium sulphate ; Mg2+ and SO42= MgSO4

IUPAC Nomenclature
y For compounds with simple ions, the positive half

has the same name as the metal. y The negative half always ends in ide Oxygen changes to oxide Chlorine changes to chloride Sulphur changes to sulphide y Example 1 ; NaCl the positive half is a metal called sodium the negative half is chloride from chlorine therefore the name of NaCl is sodium chloride

y Ions containing oxygen always end in ate or ite y The ions with the higher proportion of oxygen is

named ate example ; SO42- sulphate SO32- sulphite y Exception this rule is the ion OH- called hydroxide y Roman numerals used for ionic compounds of metal ions with more than one type of charge FeCl2 is called iron(II) chloride FeCl3 is called iron(III) chloride

Chemical Equations
y Equation are chemical sentences. They tell us : a) The types of chemicals that are reacting b) The products of the reaction c) How much of the different chemicals are reacting with each other y

Example ; nA + mB
a)

pC + qD

A and B are called reactants. b) C and D are called products of the reaction c) n and m shows the number of moles that are react d) p and q shows the number of moles that are form

y 2H2 + O2

2H2O two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of water - hydrogen and oxygen are reactants and water is the product y Chemical equation also show the state of each chemical in the reaction ( s ) solid state ( l ) liquid state ( aq ) aqueous state ( g ) gaseous state y CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) 1 mole of methane molecules (16g) react with 2 moles of oxygen molecules (64g) to give 1 mole of CO2 (44g) and 2 moles of water molecules (36g)

Balancing Chemical Equations

y Example 1

Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2 Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

y Example 2

potassium hydroxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form potassium sulphate and water. KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + H2O 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Solving Numerical Problems

y Steps used for Quantitative Calculations 1) Write down a balanced equation and write down the number of moles of each reactant and product 2) Get the information from the question. Changes the quantities of the reactants to moles if necessary. 3) Find the ratio of the number of moles related to the questions 4) Calculate according to the ratio of the number of moles y Step 1 : equation

Step 2 : change to moles Step 3 : use the ratio of moles Step 4 : calculate according to the ratio of moles

y Example 1

how much water is produced if 4.0 g of methane CH4 is burnt in excess supply of oxygen ? mass of H2O = 9 g
y Example 2

calculate the volume of oxygen produced when 1.7 g of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are decomposed at STP volume of oxygen = 0.56 dm3

y In an experiment 12 dm3 of nitrogen dioxide were

produced from the decomposition of lead(II) nitrate. During the decomposition, lead(II) oxide and oxygen were also formed. If the experiment was carried at room temperature and pressure of 1 atmosphere, how many grams of lead(II) oxide were produced in this reaction? mass of PbO = 55.75 g
y In an experiment aluminium powder is used to

reduced copper(II) oxide to form aluminium oxide and copper. How many atoms of copper will be formed if 2.7 g of aluminium are used? [Av:6.02 x 1023 ; relative atomic mass:Al,27] number of copper atoms = 9.03 x 1022