1

PETE 661
Drilling Engineering
Lesson 4
Wellbore Hydraulics,
Pressure Drop Calculations
2
Wellbore Hydraulics
Hydrostatics
Buoyancy
Pipe Tension vs. Depth
Effect of Mud Pressure
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Pressure Drop Calculations
Bingham Plastic Model
API Power-Law Model
3
Assignments:
READ: ADE Ch. 4
HW #3: On the Web. - Axial Tension
Due 09-20-04
4
) D D ( 052 . 0 p p
1 i i
n
1 i
i 0
=
+ =

p
Fig. 4-3.
A Complex
Liquid
Column
D 052 . 0 p
p D 052 . 0 p
0
( p = (
+ p =
5
Fig. 4-4. Viewing the Well as a Manometer (U-Tube)
P
PUMP
= ?
6
Figure 4.4
} ) 000 , 10 ( 0 . 9 ) 000 , 1 ( 7 . 16
) 700 , 1 ( 7 . 12 ) 300 ( 5 . 8 ) 000 , 7 ( 5 . 10 { 052 . 0
0
+
+ + + = p p
a
psig 0
0
= p
psig 266 , 1 p
a
=
D 052 . 0 p ( p = (
7
Buoyancy Force = weight of fluid displaced
(Archimedes, 250 BC)
Figure 4-9. Hydraulic forces acting on a submerged body
8
Effective (buoyed) Weight

p
p
=
s
f
e
1 W W
Buoyancy Factor
Valid for a solid body or an open-ended pipe!
s
f
f
b e
W
- W
V - W
F W W
p
p =
p =
=
W
e
= buoyed weight
W = weight in air
F
b
= buoyancy force
V = volume of body
p
f
= fluid density
p
s
= body density
9
Example
For steel,
immersed in mud,
the buoyancy factor is:
gal / lbm .
s
5 65 = p
) gal / lbm . (
f
0 15 = p
771 . 0
5 . 65
0 . 15
1 1
s
f
=

p
p

A drillstring weighs 100,000 lbs in air.

Buoyed weight = 100,000 * 0.771 = 77,100 lbs
(= 490 lbm/ft
3
)
10
Axial Forces in Drillstring
F
b
= bit weight
F
1
& F
1
are pressure forces
11
Simple Example - Empty Wellbore
Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft 10,000 ft
OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in

2 2
ID OD
4
A
x
=
A = 5.265 in
2
W = 19.5 lbf/ft * 10,000 ft = 195,000 lbf
AXIAL TENSION, lbf
D
E
P
T
H
,


f
t
0 lbf 195,000 lbf
12
Example - 15 lb/gal Mud in Wellbore
Drillpipe weight = 19.5 lbf/ft 10,000 ft
OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in

2 2
ID OD
4
A
x
=
A = 5.265 in
2
W = 195,000 - 41,100 = 153,900 lbf
AXIAL TENSION, lbf
D
E
P
T
H
,


f
t
0 195,000 lbf
Pressure at bottom = 0.052 * 15 * 10,000 = 7,800 psi
F = P * A
= 7,800 * 5.265
= 41,100 lbf
153,900 - 41,100
13
Axial Tension in Drill String
Example
A drill string consists of
10,000 ft of 19.5 #/ft drillpipe and
600 ft of 147 #/ft drill collars
suspended off bottom in 15#/gal mud
(F
b
= bit weight = 0).
What is the axial tension in the
drillstring as a function of depth?
14
Example
Pressure at top of collars
= 0.052 (15) 10,000 = 7,800 psi
Pressure at bottom of collars
= 0.052 (15) 10,600 = 8,268 psi
Cross-sectional area of pipe,
2
2
2
3
1
in 73 . 5
ft
in 144
*
ft / lb 490
ft / lb 5 . 19
A = =
A
1
10,000
10,600
15
Cross-sectional area of collars,
2
2
in 2 . 43 144 *
490
147
A = =
2
1
5 37 73 5 2 43 in . . .
A A area al Differenti
2
= =
=
A
2
A
1
Example contd
16
1. At 10,600 ft. (bottom of drill collars)
Compressive force = p A
= 357,200 lbf
[ axial tension = - 357,200 lbf ]
2
2
in 2 . 43 *
in
lbf
268 , 8 =
4
3
2
1
Example - contd
17
Example - contd
2. At 10,000 ft+ (top of collars)
F
T
= W
2
- F
2
- F
b
= 147 lbm/ft * 600 ft - 357,200
= 88,200 - 357,200
= -269,000 lbf
4
3
2
1
F
b
= F
BIT
= 0
18
3. At 10,000 ft - (bottom of drillpipe)
F
T
= W
1
+W
2
+F
1
-F
2
-F
b
= 88,200 + 7800 lbf/in
2
* 37.5in
2
- 357,200
= 88,200 + 292,500 - 357,200
= + 23,500 lbf
4
3
2
1
Example - contd
19
4. At Surface
F
T
= W
1
+ W
2
+ F
1
- F
2
- F
b
= 19.5 * 10,000 + 88,200
+ 292,500 - 357,200 - 0
= 218,500 lbf
Alternatively: F
T
= W
AIR
* BF
= 283,200 * 0.7710 = 218,345 lbf
4
3
2
1
Example - contd
20
Fig. 4-11. Axial tensions as a function of depth for Example 4.9
21
Example - Summary
1. At 10,600 ft F
T
= -357,200 lbf [compression]
2. At 10,000 + ft F
T
= -269,000 lbf [compression]
3. At 10,000 - ft F
T
= +23,500 lbf [tension]
4. At Surface F
T
= +218,500 lbf [tension]
22
Axial Load with F
BIT
= 68,000 lbf
23
24
For multiple nozzles in parallel
V
n
is the same for each nozzle
even if the d
n
varies!
This follows since (p is the same
across each nozzle.
t
n
A 117 . 3
q
v =
2
2
t
2
d
-5
bit
A C
q 10 * 8.311
p
p
=

10 * 074 . 8
p
c v
4
d n
p
(
=

&
C
d
= 0.95
25
Hydraulic Horsepower
of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power, in field units:
1714
000 , 3 * 400
HHP =
1714
p q
HHP
(
=
Hydraulic Horsepower of Pump = 700 hp
26
What is Hydraulic Impact Force
developed by bit?
If:
psi 169 , 1 p
lb/gal 12
gal/min 400 q
95 . 0 C
n
D
=
= p
=
=
p q c 01823 . 0 F
d j
( p =
27
Impact = rate of change of momentum

lbf 820 169 , 1 * 12 400 * 95 . 0 * 01823 . 0 F
p q c 01823 . 0 F
60 * 17 . 32
v q
v
t
m
t
mv
F
j
d j
n
j
= =
( p =
p
= (

(
=
(
(
=
28
Laminar Flow
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power-Law (ADE & API)
Rotational Viscometer
Laminar Flow in Wellbore
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Fluid Flow in Annuli
29
Laminar Flow of Newtonian Fluids

A
F

L
V
Q =
Experimentally:
30
Newtonian Fluid Model
In a Newtonian fluid the shear stress is directly
proportional to the shear rate (in laminar flow):
i.e.,
The constant of proportionality, is the viscosity
of the fluid and is independent of shear rate.

=
sec
1
2
Q
cm
dyne
Q
y
K Q = t
31
Newtonian Fluid Model
Viscosity may be expressed in poise or centipoise.
poise 0.01 centipoise 1
s cm
g
1
cm
s - dyne
1 poise 1
2
=

= =
2
cm
sec dyne y
K
t
= Q
y
32
Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate for a
Newtonian Fluid
Slope of line = Q
.
K Q t =
33
Apparent Viscosity
Apparent viscosity =
is the slope at each shear rate,
. , ,
3 2 1
y y y
K K K
y
K t /
34
Typical Drilling Fluid Vs. Newtonian,
Bingham and Power Law Fluids

(Plotted on linear paper)

35
Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid:
2. Bingham Plastic Fluid:
viscosity plastic
point yield
p
y
= Q
= t
What if t
y
= #
y
K Q = t
y
K Q + t = t
p y
rate shear
viscosity absolute
stress shear
= K
= Q
= t
y
36
Rotating
Sleeve
Viscometer
37
Figure 3.6
Rotating
Viscometer
Rheometer
We
determine
rheological
properties
of drilling
fluids in
this device
Infinite
parallel
plates
38
Rheometer (Rotational
Viscometer)
Shear Stress = f (Dial Reading)
Shear Rate = f (Sleeve RPM)
Shear Stress = f (Shear Rate)
) ( f K t =
BOB
sleeve
fluid
Rate Shear the (GAMMA), of value
the on depends Stress Shear the ), TAU (
K
t
39
Rheometer - base case
N (RPM) K sec
-1
)
3 5.11
6 10.22
100 170
200 340
300 511
600 1022
RPM * 1.703 = sec
-1
40
Example
A rotational viscometer containing a Bingham plastic
fluid gives a dial reading of 12 at a rotor speed of 300
RPM and a dial reading of 20 at a rotor speed of 600 RPM
Compute plastic viscosity and yield point
12 - 20
300 600 p
=
= Q
cp 8
p
= Q

o
= 20

1
= 12
See Appendix A
41
Example
8 - 12
p 300 y
=
= Q t
2
y
ft lbf/100 4 = t

o
= 20

1
= 12
(See Appendix A)
42
Gel Strength
43
Gel Strength
= shear stress at which fluid movement begins
The yield strength, extrapolated from the
300 and 600 RPM readings is not a good
representation of the gel strength of the fluid
Gel strength may be measured by turning the
rotor at a low speed and noting the dial
reading at which the gel structure is broken
(usually at 3 RPM)
44
Gel Strength
In field units,
In practice, this is often approximated to
t 06 . 1
g
=
2
ft 100 / lbf
2
ft 100 / lbf
The gel strength is the maximum dial reading
when the viscometer is started at 3 rpm.
t
g
=
max,3
45
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
Fig. 4-26. Velocity profiles for laminar flow:
(a) pipe flow and (b) annular flow
46
It looks like concentric rings of fluid
telescoping down the pipe at different velocities
3D View of Laminar Flow in a pipe
- Newtonian Fluid
47
Table 4.3 - Summary of Equations for
Rotational Viscometer
Newtonian Model
N a
N
300
= Q
N
r
066 . 5
2
= K

300 a
= Q
or
48
Table 4.3 - Summary of Equations for
Rotational Viscometer
300
N
or
1
p N y
1
Q t =
rpm 3 at
max g
t =
Bingham Plastic Model
300 600 p
Q =
) (
N N
300
or
1 2
N N
1 2
p
Q

=
p 300 y
Q t =
or
or
49
Example 4.22
Compute the frictional pressure loss for a 7 x 5
annulus, 10,000 ft long, using the slot flow
representation in the annulus. The flow rate is 80
gal/min. The viscosity is 15 cp. Assume the flow
pattern is laminar.
7 5
1
6x
50
Example 4.22
The average velocity in the annulus,
) 5 2.448(7
80
) d 2.448(d
q
v
2 2 2
1
2
2
_

=
ft/s 1.362 v
_
=

2
1 2
_
f
d d 1000
v
dL
dp

=
51
Example 4.22
51.0750 psi 51
) 5 7 ( 1000
) 000 , 10 ( ) 362 . 1 ( ) 15 (
D
dL
dp
p
2
f
= = (

= =
f
p

2
1 2
_
f
d d 1000
v
dL
dp

=
52
Total Pump Pressure
Pressure loss in surf. equipment
Pressure loss in drill pipe
Pressure loss in drill collars
Pressure drop across the bit nozzles
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
collars and the hole wall
Pressure loss in the annulus between the drill
pipe and the hole wall
Hydrostatic pressure difference (p varies)
53
Types of flow
Laminar
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
Turbulent
54
Turbulent Flow -
Newtonian Fluid
We often assume that fluid flow is
turbulent if N
re
> 2100
cp. fluid, of viscosity
in I.D., pipe d
ft/s velocity, fluid avg. v
lbm/gal density, fluid where
_
=
=
=
=

d v 928
N
_
Re
=
55
Turbulent Flow -
Newtonian Fluid
25 . 1
25 . 0
75 . 1
_
75 . 0
f
d 1800
v
dL
dp Q p
=
Turbulent Flow -
Bingham Plastic Fluid
25 . 1
25 . 0
p
75 . 1
_
75 . 0
f
d 1800
v
dL
dp
Q p
=

25 . 1
1 2
25 . 0
p
75 . 1
_
75 . 0
f
d d 396 , 1
v
dL
dp

Q p
=

25 . 1
1 2
25 . 0
75 . 1
_
75 . 0
f
d d 396 , 1
v
dL
dp

Q p
=
In Annulus
In Pipe
56
API Power Law Model
K = consistency index
n = flow behaviour index
SHEAR
STRESS
t
psi
t = K K
n
SHEAR RATE, K , sec
-1
0
API RP 13D
57
Rotating Sleeve Viscometer
VISCOMETER
RPM
3
100
300
600
(RPM * 1.703)
SHEAR RATE
sec
-1
5.11
170.3
511
1022
BOB
SLEEVE
ANNULUS
DRILL
STRING
58
Pressure Drop Calculations
Example Calculate the pump pressure in
the wellbore shown on the next page, using the
API method.
The relevant rotational viscometer readings
are as follows:
R
3
= 3 (at 3 RPM)
R
100
= 20 (at 100 RPM)
R
300
= 39 (at 300 RPM)
R
600
= 65 (at 600 RPM)
59
P
PUMP
= (P
DP
+ (P
DC
+ (P
BIT NOZZLES
+ (P
DC/ANN
+ (P
DP/ANN
+ (P
HYD
Q = 280 gal/min
p = 12.5 lb/gal
Pressure Drop
Calculations
P
PUMP
60
Power-Law Constant (n):
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe
Fluid Consistency Index (K):
Average Bulk Velocity in Pipe (V):
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
737 . 0
39
65
log 32 . 3
R
R
log 32 . 3 n
300
600
=

=
2 737 . 0
600
sec
017 . 2
022 , 1
65 * 11 . 5
022 , 1
11 . 5
cm
dyne R
K
n
n
= = =
sec
ft
00 . 8
78 . 3
280 * 408 . 0
D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2
= = =
61
Effective Viscosity in Pipe (Q
e
):
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe
Reynolds Number in Pipe (N
Re
):
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
n
1 n
e
n 4
1 n 3
D
V 96
K 100

= Q

cP 53
737 . 0 * 4
1 737 . 0 * 3
78 . 3
8 * 96
017 . 2 * 100
737 . 0 1 737 . 0
e
=

= Q

616 , 6
53
5 . 12 * 00 . 8 * 78 . 3 * 928 V D 928
N
e
Re
= =
Q
p
=
62
NOTE: N
Re
> 2,100, so
Friction Factor in Pipe (f):
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
So,
b
Re
N
a
f =
0759 . 0
50
93 . 3 737 . 0 log
50
93 . 3 n log
a =
+
=
+
=
2690 . 0
7
737 . 0 log 75 . 1
7
n log 75 . 1
b =

=
007126 . 0
616 , 6
0759 . 0
N
a
f
2690 . 0 b
Re
= = =
63
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL) :
Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Pipe :
400 , 11 * 05837 . 0 L
dL
dP
P = (

= (
(P
dp
= 665 psi
ft
psi
05837 . 0
78 . 3 * 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 8 * 007126 . 0
D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
2
= =
p
=

64
Power-Law Constant (n):
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars
Fluid Consistency Index (K):
Average Bulk Velocity inside Drill Collars (V):
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
737 . 0
39
65
log 32 . 3
R
R
log 32 . 3 n
300
600
=

=
2
n
737 . 0 n
600
cm
sec dyne
017 . 2
022 , 1
65 * 11 . 5
022 , 1
R 11 . 5
K = = =
sec
ft
28 . 18
5 . 2
280 * 408 . 0
D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2
= = =
65
Effective Viscosity in Collars(Q
e
):
Reynolds Number in Collars (N
Re
):
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars
n 1 n
e
n 4
1 n 3
D
V 96
K 100

= Q

cP 21 . 38
737 . 0 * 4
1 737 . 0 * 3
5 . 2
28 . 18 * 96
017 . 2 * 100
737 . 0 1 737 . 0
e
=

= Q

870 , 13
21 . 38
5 . 12 * 28 . 18 * 5 . 2 * 928 V D 928
N
e
Re
= =
Q
p
=
66
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars
NOTE: N
Re
> 2,100, so
Friction Factor in DC (f):
b
Re
N
a
f =
So,
0759 . 0
50
93 . 3 737 . 0 log
50
93 . 3 n log
a =
+
=
+
=
2690 . 0
7
737 . 0 log 75 . 1
7
n log 75 . 1
b =

=
005840 . 0
870 , 13
0759 . 0
N
a
f
2690 . 0 b
Re
= = =
67
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL) :
Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Collars :
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft
Pressure Drop In Drill Collars
ft
psi
3780 . 0
5 . 2 * 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 28 . 18 * 005840 . 0
D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
2
= =
p
=

600 * 3780 . 0 L
dL
dP
P = (

= (
(P
dc
= 227 psi
68
Pressure Drop across Nozzles
D
N1
= 11 32nds (in)
D
N2
= 11 32nds (in)
D
N3
= 12 32nds (in)

2
2 2 2
2
12 11 11
280 * 5 . 12 * 156
P
+ +
= (
(P
Nozzles
= 1,026 psi

2
2
3 N
2
2 N
2
1 N
2
D D D
Q 156
P
+ +
p
= (
69
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE
Annulus
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
Q = gal/min
p = l lb/gal
8.5 in
70
Power-Law Constant (n):
Fluid Consistency Index (K):
Average Bulk Velocity in DC/HOLE Annulus (V):
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
5413 . 0
3
20
log 657 . 0
R
R
log 657 . 0 n
3
100
=

=
2
n
5413 . 0 n
100
cm
sec dyne
336 . 6
2 . 170
20 * 11 . 5
2 . 170
R 11 . 5
K = = =
sec
ft
808 . 3
5 . 6 5 . 8
280 * 408 . 0
D D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2 2
1
2
2
=

=
71
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (Q
e
):
Reynolds Number in Annulus (N
Re
):
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
cP 20 . 55
5413 . 0 * 3
1 5413 . 0 * 2
5 . 6 5 . 8
808 . 3 * 144
336 . 6 * 100
5413 . 0 1 5413 . 0
e
=

= Q

600 , 1
20 . 55
5 . 12 * 808 . 3 * 5 . 6 5 . 8 928
V D D 928
N
e
1 2
Re
=

=
Q
p
=
n
1 n
1 2
e
n 3
1 n 2
D D
V 144
K 100

= Q

Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
72
So,
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft
NOTE: N
Re
< 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
01500 . 0
600 , 1
24
N
24
f
Re
= = =
ft
psi
05266 . 0
5 . 6 5 . 8 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 808 . 3 * 01500 . 0
D D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
1 2
2
=

p
=

600 * 05266 . 0 L
dL
dP
P = (

= (
(P
dc/hole
= 31.6 psi
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
73
q = gal/min
p = l lb/gal
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DP
= 4.5 in
L = 11,400 ft
74
Power-Law Constant (n):
Fluid Consistency Index (K):
Average Bulk Velocity in Annulus (V
a
):
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DP
= 4.5 in
L = 11,400 ft
5413 . 0
3
20
log 657 . 0
R
R
log 657 . 0 n
3
100
=

=
2
n
5413 . 0 n
100
cm
sec dyne
336 . 6
2 . 170
20 * 11 . 5
2 . 170
R 11 . 5
K = = =
sec
ft
197 . 2
5 . 4 5 . 8
280 * 408 . 0
D D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2 2
1
2
2
=

=
75
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (Q
e
):
Reynolds Number in Annulus (N
Re
):
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
n 1 n
1 2
e
n 3
1 n 2
D D
V 144
K 100

= Q

cP 64 . 97
5413 . 0 * 3
1 5413 . 0 * 2
5 . 4 5 . 8
197 . 2 * 144
336 . 6 * 100
5413 . 0 1 5413 . 0
e
=

= Q

044 , 1
64 . 97
5 . 12 * 197 . 2 * 5 . 4 5 . 8 928
V D D 928
N
e
1 2
Re
=

=
Q
p
=
76
So, psi
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: N
Re
< 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
02299 . 0
044 , 1
24
N
24
f
Re
= = =
ft
psi
01343 . 0
5 . 4 5 . 8 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 197 . 2 * 02299 . 0
D D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
1 2
2
=

p
=

400 , 11 * 01343 . 0 L
dL
dP
P = (

= (
(P
dp/hole
= 153.2 psi
77
Pressure Drop Calcs.
- SUMMARY -
P
PUMP
= (P
DP
+ (P
DC
+ (P
BIT NOZZLES
+ (P
DC/ANN
+ (P
DP/ANN
+ (P
HYD
P
PUMP
= 665 + 227 + 1,026
+ 32 + 153 + 0
P
PUMP
= 1,918 + 185 = 2,103 psi
78
P
PUMP
= 1,918 + 185
= 2,103 psi
(P
HYD
= 0
P
PUMP
= (P
DS
+ (P
ANN
+ (P
HYD
(P
DS
= (P
DP
+ (P
DC
+ (P
BIT NOZZLES
= 665 + 227 + 1,026 = 1,918 psi
(P
ANN
= (P
DC/ANN
+ (P
DP/ANN
= 32 + 153 = 185
2,103 psi
P
=
0
79
"Friction" Pressures
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Cumulative Distance from Standpipe, ft
"
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
"

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,


p
s
i DRILLPIPE
DRILL COLLARS
BIT NOZZLES
ANNULUS
80
Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Cumulative Distance from Standpipe, ft
H
y
d
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,


p
s
i
BHP
DRILLSTRING ANNULUS
81
Pressures in the Wellbore
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Cumulative Distance from Standpipe, ft
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
s
,


p
s
i
STATIC
CIRCULATING
82
Wellbore Pressure Profile
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Pressure, psi
D
e
p
t
h
,


f
t
DRILLSTRING
ANNULUS
(Static)
BIT
83
Pipe Flow - Laminar
In the above example the flow down the
drillpipe was turbulent.
Under conditions of very high viscosity,
the flow may very well be laminar.
NOTE: if N
Re
< 2,100, then
Friction Factor in Pipe (f):
Re
N
16
f =
D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
p
=

Then and
84
85
d 8 . 25
v f
dL
dp
_
2
p
=
n = 1.0