ME 323 : I.C Engines Combustion in I.

C Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 1 March 1, 2012 Slide 1

INTRODUCTION

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 2 March 1, 2012 Slide 2

 Combustion  Conditions for combustion  Ignition Limits  Combustion Equations  Stoichiometric Combustion  Air requirement  Composition of air
March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 3 March 1, 2012 Slide 3

 Air-fuel ratio  Fuel-air ratio  Relative air-fuel ratio  Equivalence ratio  Pre-mixed and Diffusion combustion  Swirl/Squish/Turbulence
March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 4 March 1, 2012 Slide 4

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 5 March 1, 2012 Slide 5

For all calculation : O2 = 21% ; N2 = 79% and ratio of N2/O2 is 3.76 Average molecular mass of air is 28.967 or 29 kg/kmol.
March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 6 March 1, 2012 Slide 6

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 7 March 1, 2012 Slide 7

 Swirl :   The orderly motion of the air particularly almost parallel to the axis of the engine. Very much required for diesel engines.

 Squish/Squash :   The radial inward motion of the air-fuel mixture towards (squish) and away from the axis of the engine (squash). Very much required for the gasoline engines.

 Turbulence :   Random mixing of the burned and unburned gases very much required for both Otto and Diesel engines.
I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 8 March 1, 2012 Slide 8

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 9 March 1, 2012 Slide 9

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 10 March 1, 2012 Slide 10

Normal Combustion in SI Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 11 March 1, 2012 Slide 11

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 12 March 1, 2012 Slide 12

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 13 March 1, 2012 Slide 13

Combustion in SI engine

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 14 March 1, 2012 Slide 14

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 15 March 1, 2012 Slide 15

COMBUSTION QUALITY
Flames detected between - 450 and TDC TDC and 45 450 and 900 90 and BDC BDC and TDC Flames not detected Type of cycle early burn cycle Fast burning cycles slow burn cycles Late burn cycles delayed burn cycles misfires and partial burn cycles

Good combustion is almost entirely made up of fast burn cycles. poor combustion consists of a high proportion of late and delayed burn cycles.
March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 16 March 1, 2012 Slide 16

EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON IGNITION LAG

1. Fuel 2. Mixture ratio:

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 17 March 1, 2012 Slide 17

3. Initial temperature and pressure 4. Electrode gap :

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 18 March 1, 2012 Slide 18

5. Turbulence:

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 19 March 1, 2012 Slide 19

EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON FLAME PROPAGATION

1. Fuel-air ratio :

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 20 March 1, 2012 Slide 20

Rate of Burning

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 21 March 1, 2012 Slide 21

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 22 March 1, 2012 Slide 22

2. Compression Ratio

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 23 March 1, 2012 Slide 23

3. Intake temperature and pressure 4. Engine load 5. Turbulence 6. Engine Speed 7. Engine size

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 24 March 1, 2012 Slide 24

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 25 March 1, 2012 Slide 25

Combustion Chambers for Four Stroke SI Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 26 March 1, 2012 Slide 26

Early Ricardo turbulent combustion chamber (1968)

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 27 March 1, 2012 Slide 27

Old type Combustion Chambers for SI engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 28 March 1, 2012 Slide 28

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 29 March 1, 2012 Slide 29

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 30 March 1, 2012 Slide 30

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 31 March 1, 2012 Slide 31

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 32 March 1, 2012 Slide 32

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 33 March 1, 2012 Slide 33

Combustion Chambers for Two Stroke SI Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 34 March 1, 2012 Slide 34

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 35 March 1, 2012 Slide 35

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 36 March 1, 2012 Slide 36

Abnormal Combustion in SI Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 37 March 1, 2012 Slide 37

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 38 March 1, 2012 Slide 38

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 39 March 1, 2012 Slide 39

p-t diagram of a normal cycle

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 40 March 1, 2012 Slide 40

p-t diagram of a knocking cycle

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 41 March 1, 2012 Slide 41

Knock Limited Parameters

 Knock Limited Compression Ratio  Knock Limited Inlet Pressure  Knock Limited Indicated Mean Effective Pressure  Performance number is defined as the ratio of Klimep with the fuel in question to Klimep with isooctane when the inlet pressure is kept constant.  Relative performance number, rpn :

Actual Performance number rpn ! Performance number corresponding to the imep of 100

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 42 March 1, 2012 Slide 42

EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON KNOCK  Density factors  Time factors  Composition factors

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 43 March 1, 2012 Slide 43

Density Factors:
 Compression Ratio  Mass of Inducted Charge  Inlet Temperature of the Mixture  Temperature of the Combustion Chamber Walls  Retarding the Spark Timing  Power Output of the Engine

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 44 March 1, 2012 Slide 44

Time Factors:
      Turbulence Engine Speed Flame Travel Distance Engine Size Combustion Chamber Shape Location of Spark Plug

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 45 March 1, 2012 Slide 45

Composition Factors:
 Fuel-Air Ratio:

 Octane Value of the Fuel:

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 46 March 1, 2012 Slide 46

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 47 March 1, 2012 Slide 47

KNOCK RATING OF SI FUELS

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 48 March 1, 2012 Slide 48

Normal Combustion in CI Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 49 March 1, 2012 Slide 49

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 50 March 1, 2012 Slide 50

Schematic representation of a fuel jet

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 51 March 1, 2012 Slide 51

Disintegration of a fuel jet

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 52 March 1, 2012 Slide 52

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 53 March 1, 2012 Slide 53

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 54 March 1, 2012 Slide 54

Effect of fuel-air ratio on power output of CI engine

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 55 March 1, 2012 Slide 55

Stages of combustion in CI engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 56 March 1, 2012 Slide 56

P-t diagram showing delay period

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 57 March 1, 2012 Slide 57

Steps of combustion process in CI engine

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 58 March 1, 2012 Slide 58

Combustion Rate (CI)

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 59 March 1, 2012 Slide 59

Effect of varying the amount of fuel injected on P- diagram

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 60 March 1, 2012 Slide 60

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DELAY PERIOD

      

Compression ratio Engine speed Power output Atomization of fuel and duration of injection Injection timing Quality of the fuel Intake temperature Intake pressure

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 61 March 1, 2012 Slide 61

Effect of compression ratio on maximum air temperature and minimum autoignition temperature
March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 62 March 1, 2012 Slide 62

Effect of speed on ignition delay in a diesel engine

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 63 March 1, 2012 Slide 63

Effect of injection timing on indicator diagram

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 64 March 1, 2012 Slide 64

Effect of engine variables on ignition delay

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 65 March 1, 2012 Slide 65

Abnormal Combustion in CI Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 66 March 1, 2012 Slide 66

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 67 March 1, 2012 Slide 67

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 68 March 1, 2012 Slide 68

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 69 March 1, 2012 Slide 69

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 70 March 1, 2012 Slide 70

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 71 March 1, 2012 Slide 71

Combustion Chambers for Four Stroke CI Engines

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 72 March 1, 2012 Slide 72

CI Engine Combustion chambers

Open chamber or DI engine Divided chamber or IDI engine

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 73 March 1, 2012 Slide 73

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 74 March 1, 2012 Slide 74

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 75 March 1, 2012 Slide 75

Phases of Combustion in Toroidal open combustion chamber

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 76 March 1, 2012 Slide 76

M-Combustion chamber

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 77 March 1, 2012 Slide 77

IDI Combustion chambers Swirl generation:

 Induction induced swirl  Compression induced swirl  Combustion induced swirl

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 78 March 1, 2012 Slide 78

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 79 March 1, 2012 Slide 79

Combustion in Ricardo swirl Chamber - Comet

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 80 March 1, 2012 Slide 80

Swirl chambers

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 81 March 1, 2012 Slide 81

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 82 March 1, 2012 Slide 82

Pre-combustion chambers

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 83 March 1, 2012 Slide 83

Mercedes Benz Pre-combustion System

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 84 March 1, 2012 Slide 84

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 85 March 1, 2012 Slide 85

Advantages of DI engines  Fuels of poorer ignition quality can be used.  Single-hole injection nozzles and moderate injection pressures can be used and can tolerate greater degrees of nozzle fouling.  Higher fuel-air ratios can be used without smoke.

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 86 March 1, 2012 Slide 86

Disadvantages of IDI Engines  More expensive cylinder construction.  More difficult cold starting because of greater heat loss through the throat.  Poorer fuel economy due to greater heat losses and pressure losses through the throat, which result in lower thermal efficiency and higher pumping loss.
March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory
Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 87 March 1, 2012 Slide 87

Knock Rating of CI Engine Fuel

Cetane number Variable compression ratio engine CFR Engine

March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna

I.C. Engines Laboratory

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036

Slide 88 March 1, 2012 Slide 88

THE END
March 1, 2012 Dr. J. M. Mallikarjuna I.C. Engines Laboratory Slide 89 March 1, 2012 Slide 89

Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036