CHUYN HA GLUCID

1.i cng
1.1.Tng qut v CH Glucid V: - Ngun Glucid:
Glucid chim lng ln trong T hng ngy. - TV: TB, saccarose, maltose, glucose, fructose - V: Lactose (sa), glycogen (gan,c) -Tiu ha Glucid: thy phn
-

PS, OS

MS

Enzym: hydrolase tiu ha gm

-endoglucosidase:-amylase disacaridase: maltase, lactase, oligosacaridase gn trn mng TB nim mc rut non.

i cng
-

Tiu ha:
-

ming rut non t trng hng trng.

vl-amylase:
- 1,4 glucanohydrolase

Glucid Oligosacarid, maltooligosacarid, isomaltose Glucose.

-

amylase ncbt

S TNG QUT CHUYN HA GLUCID

Rut non Amylase Tinh bt Maltose, Maltotriose, Ose Maltase G+G Saccarose Saccarase F+G Lactose Lactase Gal + G Tiu ha TG Glycogen G G CO2 H2O Glycogen Gan Mu C v cc m khc

G6P Cht khc

Lactat

HP TH GLUCID
ng Rut T bo Nim mc rut non ATP G G Khuch tn Hexokinase ADP P G Mu

G6P G Phosphatase Khuch tn

i cng
S v/c tch cc Glucose nh ghp vi bm Na+ - K+ v s khuch tn n thun. - Cellulose (l/k -1,4 glycoside): khng t/ha - Dng Glucid d tr V l Glycogen: c,gan - Dng Glucid v/c trong cc dch: Glucose: 15g - Glucose mu: 0,7 1,2g/l c v/c v /ha lin tc. - Vo TB : Glucid chu nhiu q/tr ch/h phc tp.
-

Nhu cu:

Ti thiu 180g/j G cung cp nng lng: thn kinh cn 144g

2. CHUYN HOA GLUCOSE 2.1. Thoai hoa glucose: theo 2 con ng chnh:
2.1.1. ng phn theo con ng hexosediphosphat

2.1.1.1. Thoai hoa cua glucose n pyruvat

2.1.1.2. Chuyn hoa cua pyruvat Trong iu kin ym kh (khng co oxy): t chc c, xng.

- S tao thanh ethanol (ln men ru): nm men va cac VSV khac.

- Trong iu kin hiu kh: t bao u oxy, pyruvat c chuyn vao ty th, kh carboxyl oxy hoa tao acetyl CoA.
Phc hp enzym pyruvat dehydrogenase
HSCoA Mg++
TPP

CO2

CH3 - CO - COOH

Lipoat

CH3 - CO ~ SCoA

Pyruvat

FAD

FADH2

Acetyl Coenzym A

NAD+

NADHH+

2.1.1.3.Nng lng * iu kin ym kh: - T glucose: 2 ATP

ATP

2 NADHH+

2 Lactat

- T glycogen: 3 ATP
Glycogen
Glucose 1P
Isomerase

ATP

2 NADHH+

2 Lactat

* iu kin hiu kh: - T glucose: 38 ATP

HSCoA CH3 - CO - COOH Mg++
TPP

CO2 CH3 - CO ~ SCoA FADH2 Acetyl CoA NADHH+

Lipoat

Pyruvat
ATP

FAD NAD+

2 NADHH+

HHTB

2 x 3 ATP

2 x 12 ATP

2 x 3 ATP HHTB
2NADHH+ NAD+

Krebs

2 Acetyl CoA

- T glucose: 39 ATP
Glycogen
Glucose 1P

Isomerase

ATP

2 NADHH+

HHTB

2 x 3 ATP

2 x 12 ATP

2 x 3 ATP HHTB
NADHH+ NAD+

Krebs

2 Acetyl CoA

2.1.1.4. Y ngha - Cung cp nng lng cho t bao. - Tao cac san phm trung gian cho cac qua trnh chuyn hoa. - Thoai hoa theo ym kh tao t ATP nhng san phm lactate c s dung tai tao glucose.

2.1.2. Qua trnh ng phn theo con ng hexosemonophosphat (chu trnh pentose phosphat) Xay ra song song vi con ng hexosediphosphat (7-10%). hng cu, gan, tuyn sa (thi ky hoat ng), t chc m.... s thoai hoa glucose theo con ng nay chim u th. Cac phan ng cua HMP xay

Phan ng tng quat chu trnh:

3G-6- +6 NADP + 3 H2O 2G-6- + P-glyceraldehyd + 3 CO2+ 6NADPHH+ 6G-6- + 12NADP+ + 6H2O 5G-6- + 12NADPHH+ + 6 CO2

Y ngha chu phosphat:

trnh

pentose

- Quan trong nht la cung cp NADPHH+ + NADPHH+ la coenzym c hiu cua nhiu phan ng cn cung cp hydro nh tng

+ NADPHH+ giup chuyn glutathion dang OXH sang dang kh: phn huy H2O2. S ong H2O2 gy oxy hoa mang t bao, pha v mang t bao, hng cu dn n s huyt tan.

- Chu trnh pentose phosphat cung cp cac pentose cho qua trnh tng hp acid nucleic.

2.2. Tng hp glucose T pyruvat, lactat, acid amin... Qua trnh nay con goi la s tn tao ng. 2.2.1.Tng pyruvat hp glucose t

La qua trnh ng phn ao ngc, co 3 giai oan khng thun nghch

2.2.2.Tng hp glucose t lactat.

Chu trnh acid lactic (Cori)

2.2.3.Tng hp glucose t acid amin

prolin, arginin, histidin, glutamic, glutamin, valin, isoleucin, methiomin, threonin, phenylalanin, tyrosin, acid aspartic, asparagin.

threonin, glycin, serin, hydroxyprolin

threonin, glycin, serin, tryptophan, alanin, cystein, hydroxyprolin.

4.2.4.Tng hp glucose t nhng ose khac.

3. CHUYN HOA GLYCOGEN 3.1. Thoai hoa glycogen thanh glucose Glycogen d tr chu yu gan, c.. Ht glycogen

3.1.1. Giai oan thuy phn mach thng cua glycogen. - Enzym glycogen phosphorylase thuy phn tao G1P. - Qua trnh lp lai n khi mach thng con 4 gc G, san phm con lai la dextrin gii han.

an ng xuc tac cua glycogen phosphorylas tao G1P va glycogen ngn hn 1 gluco

3.1.2. Giai oan ct mach nhanh cua glycogen. Bn gc G c loai bo nh enz ct nhanh. Enz co 2 chc nng: - Chc nng vn chuyn: la amylo1.4-1.4 trans glucosidase (hoc amylo1.6-1.4 trans glucosidase) - Chc nng ct nhanh: amylo 1.6 glucosidase

Hai giai oan thoai hoa glycogen

3.1.3. Giai oan bin i glucose 1 phosphat thanh G-6P

Phosphoglucomutase

Glucose 1 phosphat

glucose 6 phosphat

3.1.4. Chuyn glucose 6 phosphat thanh glucose Glucose 6P

Glucose 6 phosphatase

Glucose

Qua trnh xay ra gan, thn, glucose t do vao mau, ti cac t chc. cac t bao khac: c, nao gi G6P lam cht t, c/c nng lng cho t bao hoat ng.

3.2. Tng hp glycogen Nguyn liu tng hp glycogen cua t bao la glucose. 3.2.1. Chuyn glucose thanh glucose 6 phosphat nh xuc tac cua enzym hexokinase, glucokinase

3.2.2. Chuyn glucose 6 P thanh glucose 1 phosphat.

Phosphoglucomutase

Glucose 6 phosphat

Glucose - 1 phosphat

Glucose 1 phosphat la c cht trc tip cua qua trnh tng hp glycogen.

3.2.3. Tng hp mach thng cua phn t glycogen. - G1P phan ng vi Uridin triphosphat (UTP) tao uridin diphosphoglucose (UDPG):
UDPG-pyrophosphorylase G1P + UTP UDPGlucose + PP

- Enz glycogen synthetase x.tac gn gc glucosyl trong UDPG vao u khng kh (C4) cua phn t glycogen. Qua trnh lp i lp lai va mach thng glycogen c dai dn.

3.2.4. Tng hp mach nhanh cua phn t glycogen Khi mach glycogen c 611 gc G, enz gn nhanh amylo (1,4-1,6) trans glucosidase ct t nht 6 gc G chuyn gn vao -OH C6 cua glucose cung hoc khac chui, hnh thanh LK 1-6 glucosid tao mach nhanh. Qua trnh nay lp lai va

Mi nhnh c 12-14 gc glucose

Glycogen li

Cu trc glycogen

5. IU HOA CHUYN HOA GLUCID.

5.1. iu hoa chuyn hoa glucid c iu hoa bi nng glucose mau, iu hoa mc t bao va enzyme. 5.1.1. Nng glucose mau: Bnh thng: 4,2- 6,7 mmol/l, c n nh nh cac yu t: * iu hoa ng mau do gan: - Gan tng hp va phn ly glycogen: + Khi G mau 1,2g/l: giam san xut glucose, tng tng

MU GAN C

Thoi ha

Th. ha

GAN

* iu hoa bi hormone: + Hormon ha ng mau: INSULIN

Tc dng trn chuyn ha - Tng hp thu glucose vo TB c v TB m - Tng hp thu G vo TB gan - Tng t.hp glycogen (gan, c) - Gim thoi ha glycogen - Tng ng phn, tng to acetyl CoA (gan, c) - Tng t.hp a.bo (gan) - Tng t.hp triglycerid(t.ch m)

Tc dng trn enzym

- Hot ha cht v.ch glucose qua mng (GLUT4) - Tng hot ha glucokinase - Hot ha gly. synthetase - (-) glycogen phosphorylase - (+) PFK 1 Tng pyr. dehydrogenase - (+) Acetyl CoA carboxylase - (+) Lipoprotein lipase

+ Hormon lam tng ng mau: - Glucagon: tac dung ngc vi insulin

Tc dng trn chuyn ha - Tng th.ha glycogen (gan) - Gim t.hp glycogen - Gim ng phn - Tng to ng -Tng th.ha a.bo (gan) - Tng t.hp th cetonic Tc dng trn enzym - (+) glycogen phosphorylase - (+) gly. synthetase - (-) PFK 1 - (-) Pyr. Kinase (+) PEP carboxykinase - (+) Triacylglycerol lipase - (+) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

- Cortisol: tng tng hp cac enzym tham gia tn tao ng, tng tng hp enzym xuc tac thoai hoa acid amin va s dung cac san phm nay tng hp glucose. Hoat hoa enzym phosphoenolpyruvat carboxykinase, lam tng tng hp glucose. - Adrenalin: tng AMPc, (+) phosphorylase, c ch glycogen synthetase.

5.1.3. iu hoa mc t bao va enzym: - iu hoa do thay i tc tng hp enzym. - Chuyn dang enzym khng hoat ng thanh hoat ng va ngc lai. - iu hoa qua s thay i ai lc cua enzym i vi c cht: + Hexokinase b c ch d lp th bi G6P, khi nng G6P cao se c ch ng phn. + Nng cao cua ATP va citrat (t bao co nhiu nng lng d tr) c ch d lp

1. Cho 2 phan ng: Glycogen Glucose 1 Glucose 6 Tp hp cac Enzym nao di y xuc tac cho 2 phan ng noi trn: A. Phosphorylase, Phosphoglucomutase. B. Glucokinase, G 6 Isomerase. C. Phosphorylase, G 6 Isomerase.

2. Enzym nao tao lin kt 1-4 Glucosid trong Glycogen: A. Glycogen Synthetase. B. Enzym tao nhanh. C. Amylo 1-6 Glucosidase. D. Phosphorylase. E. Glucose 6 Phosphatase.

3. Fructose 6 F 1-6 Di cn: A. ADP va Phosphofructokinase. B. NADP va Fructo 1-6 Di Phosphatase. C. ATP va Phosphofructokinase. D. ADP va Hexokinase. E. H3PO4 va F 1-6 Di Phosphatase. 4.Qua trnh sinh tng hp acid beo cn s tham gia cua:

5. qua trnh tng hp Glycogen t Glucose, enzym tham gia gn nhanh la: A. Phosphorylase. B. Amylo 1-4, 1-4 transglucosidase. C. Amylo 1-6, 1-4 transglucosidase. D. Amylo 1-4, 1-6 transglucosidase. E. Amylo 1-6 Glucosidase. 6. Thoai hoa Glucid (i t Glucose) theo con ng Hexose Di trong iu kin hiu kh cho:

7. Thoai hoa Glucose theo con g Hexose Di - trong iu kin ym kh ( vi sinh vt) cho san phm cui cung la: A. Lactat B. Pyruvat C. Acetyl CoA D. Alcol Etylic E. Phospho enol pyruvat. 8. Glucose t do c tao ra gan la do gan co Enzym: A.Phosphorylase B. F 1-6 Di Phosphatase

9. Trong chu trnh Pentose Phosphat, Transcetolase la Enzym chuyn nhom: A. 3 n v C t Cetose n Aldose. B. 2 n v C t Aldose n Cetose C. 2 n v C t Cetose n Aldose. D. 3 n v C t Aldose n Cetose. E. 1 n v C t Cetose n Aldose. 10. Trong chu trnh Pentose Phosphat, Trans aldolase la

11. Amylo 1-6 Glucosidase la enzym A. Thuy phn mach thng cua glycogen B. Thuy phn lin kt 1-6 Glucosid cua glycogen C. Enzym gn nhanh cua glycogen D. Enzym ng phn cua glycogen E. Enzym chuyn nhanh cua

12. Ba enzym xuc tac cac phan ng khng thun nghch trong con ng ng phn: A. Enolase, phosphoglycerat kinase, pyruvat kinase B. Glucokinase, phosphoglycerat kinase, pyruvat kinase C. Glucokinase, phosphofructosekinase, pyruvat kinase D. Glucokinase, phosphofructosekinase, enolase,

13. Phan ng bin i Fructose-1,6 di thanh Glyceraldehyd-3- cn cung cp nng lng A. ung B. Sai 14. gan, tng hp glycogen t glucose cn A. Pyruvat kinase B. Glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase C. Cytidin triphosphat D. Uridin triphosphat

15. Cac ni tit t nao sau y co vai tro iu hoa ng huyt: A. Adrenalin, MSH, Prolactin B. Adrenalin, Glucagon, Insulin C. ADH, Glucocorticoid, Adrenalin D. Vasopressin, Glucagon, ACTH E. Oxytocin, Insulin, Glucagon.

16. Insulin la ni tit t lam ha ng huyt do co tac dung:

A. Tng s dung Glucose t bao, tng qua trnh ng phn va c ch qua trnh tn tao ng. B. Tng s dung Glucose t bao, tng qua trnh tn tao ng, giam qua trnh tng hp Glucose thanh Glycogen. C. Tng ng phn, tng tng hp Glucose t cac san phm trung gian nh Pyruvat, Lactat, acid amin. D. Tng phn ly Glycogen thanh Glucose, giam s dung Glucose

17. Glucose-6-phosphatase c im nao sau y:

co

A. Khng co c B. Hoat hoa phosphorylase khng hoat ng gan C. Tao cac lin kt 1-4 trong glycogen D. Enzym ct nhanh glycogen E. Tao cac lin kt 1-6 trong glycogen