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1.1.1. POST
POST (Power On Self Test - t kim tra khi bt my) bt u chy, sau y l cc bc chnh ca mt POST chun: 1. Xo b nh 2. Khi ng BUS: CPU gi tn hiu thng qua BUS h thng n cc b phn ca h thng my tnh, bo rng my ang vn hnh. 3. Kim tra mn hnh 4. Kim tra b nh 5. Khi ng cc thit b ngoi vi chun c ni vi my tnh:
6. To bng cc vector ngt: 7. Kim tra xem c ROM m rng khng: Nu POST pht hin c ROM m rng, th POST s chuyn quyn iu khin cho n, n t khi ng ly, sau khi khi ng xong, n tr li quyn iu khin cho POST tip tc. 8. Gi chng trnh ti Bootstrap: Cui cng POST gi chng trnh con bootstrap c trong ROM, chng trnh ny lm nhim v c sector (1, 0, 0) sector 1, track 0, side 0. Nu c thnh cng, POST s chuyn quyn iu khin cho chng trnh cha trong sector ny, chng trnh s tip tc np nhn ca h iu hnh vo b nh trong
1.1.2. BIOS SETUP Chng trnh BIOS SETUP s c kch hot nh nhn mt phm hay t hp phm c bit trong qu trnh POST. 1.1.3. BOOTSTRAP Bootstrap l th tc c a tm v thc hin sector khi ng chnh sector (1, 0, 0) trn a h thng. 1.1.4. BIOS BIOS trn bng mch chnh thng bao gm cc trnh iu khin cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng nh: bn phm, a mm, a cng, cc cng,... 1.2. Mt s lu v ROM BIOS 1. V BIOS l phn m chnh c lu tr trong loi ROM ny nn ngi ta thng gi n l ROM BIOS. 2. Trong cc my c, ROM BIOS trn bng mch chnh c th c 5, 6 chip nhng hu ht cc PC ngy nay ch c duy nht mt chip. 3. BIOS Plug and Play: y l mt cng ngh c thit k nhm gip ngi s dng c th d dng m rng chc nng ca h my tnh. Mt h my tnh Plug and Play bao gm 3 thnh phn chnh sau y: - BIOS Plug and Play. - Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD). - H iu hnh Plug and Play.
2.1. C bn v RAM CMOS Trn bng mch chnh c mt chip RTC/NVRAM (Real Time Clock / None Volatile Random Access Memory - ng h thi gian thc / b nh truy cp ngu nhin bt bin). Chip RAM CMOS thc cht l mt chip ng h s cng thm mt s byte nh. Nhng chip RAM CMOS u tin c s dng trn my PC l chip Motorola MC 146818 c 64 bytes nh, trong c 10 bytes dnh cho chc nng ng h. N gi l "bt bin" v n c ch to bng cng ngh CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), v vy tiu th rt t nng lng (cng dng in ch khong 1/1000000 A), v nng lng lun c cung cp bi mt pin trn bng mch chnh. Ngi ta hay quen gi chip ny l RAM CMOS (RAM ch to theo cng ngh CMOS). Khi ta vo trnh BIOS SETUP, thit lp cc thng s cu hnh v sau ghi vo trong RAM CMOS. Trong cc bng mch chnh hin i ngy nay, c bit l trong cc h thng Plug and Play, dung lng ca RAM CMOS c th ln ti 2MB, thm ch c th hn. Mt s h thng cht lng cao hin nay c loi RAM CMOS cha lun pin trong chip, cc chip ny c tui th rt cao, mt s h thng cn khng s dng c pin nh cc h thng ca Hewlett Packard, m c mt t in t ng np in, mi khi h thng c cm vo ngun (khng nht thit phi bt my). Nu h thng khng c cm vo ngun, t in s nui c RAM CMOS trong mt tun.
2.2. Mt s trc trc thng gp v RAM CMOS Nu ta nhn c thng bo chy SETUP mi khi bt my, c th pin nui RAM CMOS b ht hoc hng. V vy, cc thng tin cu hnh ghi trong n b mt. Khi , ta phi kim tra xc nh nguyn nhn v khc phc. Khi my trong qu trnh POST, nu chng trnh POST pht hin thy mt s thng s phn cng trong h thng khng khp vi cc thng tin c lu gi trong RAM CMOS th n s nhc ta chy chng trnh setup khai bo li cho ng. Trong b nh RAM CMOS cc thng tin cu hnh ca my lu gi trong n c bo v bi k thut checksum, n tnh tng cc byte trong min c bo v theo mt thut ton c bit v ghi kt qu vo 2 nh c a ch 2Eh v 2Fh ca RAM CMOS. Mi khi khi ng my, chng trnh POST c tham s lu tr trong RAM CMOS xc nh cu hnh ca h thng, ng thi n tnh li checksum v so snh vi t checksum c ghi, nu khc nhau th chng t ni dung vng nh cn c bo v b thay i, chng trnh POST s thng bo cho ngi s dng chy chng trnh setup khai bo li cu hnh cho ng.
3. Chy chng trnh BIOS SETUP 3.1. Vo chng trnh BIOS SETUP n Del: my NA n F1: my IBM n F2: my ACER, DEL n F10: my COMPAQ-HP Hu ht cc h thng c cu hnh bi cc nh sn xut v cc nh phn phi sn phm. Chng ta khng cn phi vo BIOS SETUP khi khng cn thit hoc khng nhn c mt thng bo yu cu. H thng s khi ng li ngay lp tc khi ta ra khi BIOS SETUP
Chng III
B ngun bn trong my Tnh Trong h thng my tnh, b ngun ng vai tr rt quan trng, bi v n lm nhim v chuyn i v cung cp nng lng cho hu ht cc thnh phn khc trong h thng. Theo kinh nghim th b ngun l mt trong nhng b phn hay xy ra h hng nht, c bit l nhng nh lp rp chn nhng b ngun r tin. T s trc trc ca b ngun dn n h hng cc thnh phn khc m n cung cp in. Mc d l mt thnh phn quan trng ca h my tnh, nhng khi mua mt h my tnh ngi ta thng ch quan tm cc b phn nh: b vi x l, b nh, a cng, ... a s ngi dng khng quan tm ti b ngun hoc cng lm l quan tm ti cng sut ca chng m thi. t ai quan tm rng b ngun c n nh khng, dng mt chiu th no, tn hiu c nhiu khng,... V nhng l do trn m trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu k v b ngun thy c r hn vai tr, cc tnh nng k thut, v vn cc s c v cch khc phc i vi b ngun.
1. Chc nng ca b ngun Cung cp ngun 1 chiu: 3,3v, 5v, 12v 2. Nguyn l hot ng 2.1. B ngun nui tuyn tnh
A C
My h th
Chnh lu v lc
Mch iu chnh
DC
B ngun nui tuyn tnh c cu to n gin, d sa cha. Tuy nhin, n c nhc im l pht ra nhiu nhit, cng knh, c tuyn mt chiu cha tt,...
H p
Chuyn mch
Chnh lu v lc
iu bin xung
u im v nhc im ca b ngun nui chuyn mch uim: + Kch thc nh, nh nhng hiu sut cao. + Thay v phi vt b phn in p d tha di dng nhit, n ch ng mch phn cng sut cn thit cho li ra m thi. iu cng c tc dng nh mt n p. + Vi tn s cao, b lc s gim thiu rt nhiu v in dung v do c tuyn mt chiu s tt ln rt nhiu. Nhc im: Nhc im ca b ngun nui ny l cu to phc tp, kh tm ch hng hc v sa cha.
B ngun ATX ch c mt gic cm vo bng mch chnh c 20 chn c nh du lm cho kh c th cm nhm nh cc gic c. Hn na n cn cung cp ngun +3,3V, do hn ch c b iu p trn bng mch chnh chuyn i ngun +5V thnh +3,3V l nguyn nhn sinh ra nhit trn bng mch chnh. B ngun ATX cn c thm tn hiu Power_On (PS_On) v 5V_Standby (5VSB) cn thng c gi l Soft Power. Power_On l mt tn hiu cho bng mch chnh c h iu hnh Windows 9x/2000 s dng iu khin ngun ca h thng bng phn mm. Cng nh tn hiu ny m cc chc nng nh Wake On Ring hay Wake On Lan c th bt h thng khi nhn tn hiu t Modem hay Card mng. Tn hiu 5V_Standby lun c kch hot v cung cp cho bng mch chnh mt lng in hn ch ngay c khi h thng tt v cho php bt cc tnh nng trn, cc tnh nng ny c iu khin thng qua BIOS.
4. Cng sut ca cc b ngun nui Cc b ngun nui khng ging nhau trong cc my vi tnh khc nhau. Tr s cng sut ca ngun nui l tng s cng sut m n a ra c tnh bng watt.
Vic xc nh ngun nui l mt yu t rt quan trng khi xy dng mt h my mi hoc nng cp mt h my c. Chng hn, mt a cng khi khi ng i hi dng 5A trn ng dy 12V. Nu ta mc vo h my c vi ngun nui 65W, khin cho b ngun qu ti mi khi bt my dn n b hng.
Card mn hnh
mm
5v*1A
5v*0.5A 12v*1A 12v*5A 5v*0.75A 12v*5A
CDROM
cng
B ngun ATX phi kim tra v th nghim bn trong trc khi cho php h thng khi ng. Nu th nghim thnh cng, b ngun gi mt tn hiu c bit qua chn Power Good (PG) ti bng mch chnh, tn hiu ny c nhn bi chip nh thi ca b x l. Chip ny s iu khin ng khi ng li cho b x l. Nu tn hiu PG khng c, chip nh thi s iu khin khi ng li my lin tip, ngn chn s hot ng ca h thng. V vy, my s bt / tt bt thng khi ngun cung cp in yu hay khng n nh.
6. Mt s iu cn lu v mt s s c thng thng *Li ch ca mt b ngun tt Mt h thng c mt b ngun cng sut ln v cht lng cao s bo v h thng ca bn v s khng b nh hng khi c mt trong nhng tnh trng sau xy ra:
+ Mt in bt thng. + Ngun yu. + Mt xung in cao ln ti 2500v t trc tip u vo dng xoay chiu (v d nh st).
7. Vn tt ngun Vic tt h thng mt cch thng xuyn c th gy nguy hi cho cc thnh phn bn trong h thng. Khi bt/tt lm cho nhit thay i t ngt lm cho cc linh kin n ra/co li, sau mt thi gian s gy nguy him cho nhiu b phn ca my tnh, chng hn: 1. Lm cho cc con chip c cm vo cm c th tch dn ra v hi m c th lt vo gy xy ho dn n li tip xc. 2. Cc ng dy v cng tc c th b gy, cc bng mch in t c th b rn nt, bi v cc linh kin in t c gn vi nhau c s khc nhau v h s co dn nn c th dn n hng cc mi hn. 3. Cc phn tip xc cc gic cm c th b lng dn v gy li,v.v. Ngoi ra cn gy nh hng ti c a cng.
8. S c v b ngun v cch x l B ngun l ni hay xy ra cc s c ca h my PC. Sau y l mt s li c th lin quan ti b ngun: 1. Mt li bt k khi khi ng h thng. 2. T khi ng li hay treo my khi ang hot ng. 3. Qut a cng hay qut ngun khng quay. 4. My qu nng.
Bi tp cui chng 3.1. Trnh by v chc nng v tm quan trng ca b ngun nui. 3.2. V s khi v trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun nui tuyn tnh. 3.3. V s khi v trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun nui chuyn mch. 3.4. So snh cc b ngun nui tuyn tnh v chuyn mch. 3.5. Nu cc loi b ngun ph bin hin nay, trnh by cc c trng k thut c bn ca b ngun ATX. 3.6. Khi lp t thm cc thit b vo h thng my tnh th c phi thay b ngun khng?
2.1 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) B nh truy cp ngu nhin ng c cu to t nhng phn t nh c bn l nhng t in, biu hin trng thi l vic tch tr cc in tchv t in hay gim in tch trong thi gian rt ngn cho nn ngn nga d liu lu tr b thay i, c vi mini giy chng phi c lm ti 1 ln m in tch trong thi gian rt ngn cho nn ngn nga d liu lu tr b thay i, c vi mini giy chng phi c lm ti 1 ln (np in tch) v vy gi l RAM ng. Khi lm ti RAM b iu khin b nh (nm trong cu bc) ngng vic c/ghi b nh tin hnh lm ti. DRAM c cu trc n gin( ch cn 1 transistor, 1 t in lu tr 1 bt thng tin) nn -> kin trc nh gn, dung lng ln, gi thnh r nhng tc truy cp chm. 2.2 SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) B nh truy cp ngu nhin ng ng b) l dng mi ca DRAM, c lp t trong cc h thng bus ng b c th t ti tc 100 MHz. Mt khc n cn ng b vi tc tc li ca CPU. Hai trang b nh cng m mt lc, nn trong khi mt mu d liu ang chuyn ti CPU th mt mu khc c truy tm, iu lm gim thi gian truy cp.
2.3. SRAM - SRAM (Static Random Access Memory - B nh truy cp ngu nhin tnh) c cu thnh t cc phn t nh c bn l cc flip - flop. RAM tnh khng cn phi lm ti thng xuyn, nn c tc nhanh hn DRAM nhiu ln v c th theo kp tc CPU. - Kch thc SRAM cng ln hn DRAM (kch thc ln gp 30 ln vi cng mt dung lng), gi thnh cao hn DRAM (gp 30 ln). Chnh v vy nn SRAM thng ch c dng lm b nh cache.
2.4 RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) L thit b knh hp ch c th truyn 16 bit d liu km theo 2 bit chn l ng thi nhng tc nhanh hn cc loi DRAM rt nhiu. Tc c th ln ti 800MHz
2.4.1 RIMM: - Mt knh RDRAM c th h tr ti 32 chip RDRAM hoc hn, cc chip RDRAM c ci t ni tip trn mt thanh gi l RIMM tuy nhin vic truyn d liu c th c tin hnh gia b iu khin v tng chip ring bit. - Bus b nh l ng dn lin tc i t b iu khin b nh qua tt c cc khe cm RIMM. - Bus b nh ca RDRAM ch c tc 400 MHz (v p dng k thut truyn hai ln trong mt chu k). - Cc thanh RIMM c kch thc v hnh dng ging DIMM, nhng chng khng th cm ln c cho nhau.
2.4.2. Trng thi ch t: nh p dng k thut truyn hai ln trong mt chu k ng h thi im ti sn ln v sn xung ca xung nhp ng h lm gim mt na thi gian ch, nn tc ca RDRAM tng ng vi 800 MHz mc d tc bus ch l 400 MHz. 2.4.3 Bus iu khin v bus a ch: Trong cc h thng dng Rambus cc bus iu khin v a ch chy song song vi bus d liu. Chng c tch thnh mt bus iu khin hng v mt bus iu khin ct ring bit. => Nng cao tc ca b nh. Cc cng ngh truyn thng nh l SDRAM i hi rng cc ng a ch hng v ct c truyn trn cng mt tp cc ng a ch, dn n s tranh chp ti nguyn v hn ch tc truy cp d liu.
2.4. DDR SDRAM - DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory - B nh truy cp ngu nhin ng ng b tc d liu kp), l mt cng ngh DRAM tin tin, di tn cao, mang li nhiu u im v ph hp vi cc my tnh c nhn thng mi. - V c bn, DDR SDRAM c ci tin t b nh SDRAM v c tc gp i SDRAM. - Tuy nhin, DDR SDRAM khng tng gp i tc ng h m p dng k thut truyn hai ln trong mt chu k ng h thi im ti sn ln v sn xung ca xung nhp ng h. y l b nh cnh tranh vi RDRAM v mt gi c v l b nh thay th RDRAM trong cc my tnh gi thnh h khng dng b x l ca Intel.
2.5. B nh Cache - Khi cc h thng PC c tc 16 MHz, DRAM c th c tc tng ng tc ca bng mch chnh v CPU nn khng cn b nh cache. Nhng khi tc CPU vt xa tc DRAM, th nhu cu b nh cache l cn thit. a) Cc loi cache - Cc loi cache u c to nn t SRAM. - Trong cc my t 486 n Pentium IV thng c 2 loi cache, cache L1 (Level 1) c tch hp trong CPU v cache L2 (Level 2) thng c tch hp trn bng mch chnh. Cng dng ca b nh cache c th c tm tt nh sau: - Khi x l d liu, CPU s kim tra ln lt cache L1 tm d liu, nu khng thy n s tm trong cache L2. Nu tm thy n s khng phi c d liu t b nh chnh na. B iu khin cache c th on trc c nhu cu ca CPU v np trc cc d liu vo trong b nh cache. Trong cc my hin i t th h 5 tr v trc b iu khin cache thng nm trong North Bridge, trong cc my t Pentium Pro tr li y b iu khin cache nm ngay trong CPU.
CPU L1
Bus h thng
L2
North Bridge
Khe cm RAM
b) V tr v tc ca cache
- Trong cc my t Pentium v trc, v s dng cc loi FPM DRAM v EDO RAM nn tc ca chng thua km nhiu so vi tc BUS h thng, v vy cache L2 c ci t trn bng mch chnh v c tc bng tc BUS h thng. - Trong cc my t Pentium Pro tr li y, SDRAM c tc bng tc BUS h thng nn vic ci t cache L2 trn bng mch chnh c tc bng tc BUS h thng l v ngha. Chnh v th, trong cc loi my ny cache L2 c ni trc tip vi CPU v c tc bng CPU (Pentium Pro, AMD K6-3, Celeron, Pentium III Xeon) hoc bng 1/2 tc CPU (Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV).
3. RAM vt l, DIP, SIMM v DIMM 3.1. RAM vt l 3.2. DIP (Dual Inline Package - v hai hng chn) - Dng trong cc my IBM XT, IBM AT th h u tin. 3.3. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module - M un nh mt hng chn)
3.4. DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module - M un nh hai hng chn)
4. Mt s vn khc v b nh 4.1. Khi b nh Cc chip nh c t chc thnh cc khi trn bng mch chnh hay m un nh. Cc khi thng c lin quan n rng bus d liu ca CPU. Cn lu rng, khi lp t RAM cho mt PC th ti thiu phi l mt khi nh, hoc l bi nguyn ln ca khi nh. Cc thanh RAM to nn mt khi nh phi cng kiu v cng kch thc.
4.2. Tc RAM - Tc truy cp ca RAM c tnh l tng thi gian xc nh v tr nh v thi gian truyn d liu. - Trong cc RAM c, tc c o bng ns (1 ns = 1 phn t giy), cc RAM mi sau ny tc c o bng MHz (1 MHz = 1 triu chu k/giy).
5. Ci t v b sung b nh 6. Mt s bin php thng thng kim tra b nh RAM * Chng trnh kim tra RAM tch hp trong ROM BIOS Cc BIOS u c phn mm kim tra RAM khi POST Trong qu trnh POST, RAM s c kim tra v m dung lng, dung lng c em so vi dung lng lu trong BIOS ca ln chy trc, nu khc nhau h thng s thng bo li. Trong qu trnh kim tra nu c li h thng ta s nhn c thng bo bng ting bip. Nu h thng c th truy cp c vng nh mn hnh, cc thng bo li s c hin ln mn hnh thay cho ting beep. Tuy nhin v POST c thit k chy nhanh ln n khng th kim tra mt cch t m, cho nn khng phi tt c cc li u c pht hin trong khi POST. * Dng phn mm chuyn dng nh gold memory(trong a Hiren Boots), Mem Test.... * Khoanh vng kim tra ram li.
Tm tt chng B nh RAM ca my tnh l mt b phn khng th thiu v c vai tr quan trng i vi s hot ng hiu qu ca my tnh. Nm vng tnh nng k thut ca b nh RAM gip cho chng ta ci t mt cch hp l to ra mt my tnh c nng lc hot ng tt nht. B nh RAM cng l mt thnh phn t tin v rt d b h hng, gy li nu chng ta khng bit cch bo qun v s dng ng cch. Nm chc ni dung ca chng ny gip cho nhng ngi lm cng vic bo tr h thng my tnh bc u lm ch c mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng ca my tnh. Bi tp cui chng 4.1. Hy nu cc loi b nh v chc nng chnh ca mi loi. 4.2. Ti sao li gi l b nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM). 4.3. Gii thch cc thut ng DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR RDRAM. 4.4. Mt s loi DRAM thng dng, tnh nng k thut ca mi loi. 4.5. Nu nhng c trng k thut c bn ca RDRAM, nhng u im ni bt ca n so vi SDRAM? 4.6. Nu nhng c trng k thut c bn ca DDR SDRAM, nhng u im ca n so vi SDRAM v RDRAM? 4.7. Phn bit b nh Cache L1 v Cache L2. Nu cc b nh Cache b hng th my tnh c cn hot ng khng? 4.8. + Ti sao cc my tnh th h 80386 v trc li khng c b nh Cache? + Ti sao cc my tnh t th h Pentium Pro tr li y, Cache L2 li kt ni trc tip vi CPU? 4.9. Phn bit cc modul RAM: DIP, DIMM, SIMM, RIMM. 4.10. Phn bit cc loi RAM: None Parity, Parity, ECC. 4.11. Trnh by cc bc ci t/g b cc m un RIMM/DIMM/RIMM. 4.12. Trnh by cc bc khoanh vng pht hin hng hc ca RAM.
Chng V B vi x l B vi x l (Thng gi l n v x l trung tm Central Processing Unit vit tt l CPU), c coi l b no ca my tnh, n thc hin hu ht cc chc nng x l, tnh ton ca my tnh. B vi x l cng l mt b phn t nht ca h thng. i vi cc my tnh c nhn, hng Intel c coi l hng u tin ch to b vi x l cho n v hin nay hng l ni cung cp ch yu cc b vi x l cho cc my tnh c nhn. Ngoi Intel ra, cn mt s hng khc cng sn xut b vi x l tng thch vi b vi x l ca Intel nh AMD, Cyrix,...
1. Cc c trng k thut c bn ca b vi x l nh gi hiu nng ca mt b vi x l ngi ta thng cn c vo mt s c trng k thut c bn l: tc , rng ca thanh ghi trong, rng bus d liu, rng bus a ch, dung lng b nh Cache,... 1.1. Tc ca CPU a) Tc ng h ca CPU CPU l thit b x l s, tc x l c nh gi theo tn s xung nhp ng h. Do vy, tc ca CPU c tnh theo n v Hz (Hertz). Bi ca Hz l KHz (KiloHertz), MHz (MegaHertz), GHz (GigaHertz). Chu k l thnh phn thi gian nh nht ca CPU. Tuy nhin, s chu k thc hin mt lnh l khc nhau i vi tng loi CPU. V d: - 8086 v 8088 cn 12 chu k thc hin 1 lnh n. - 80486 v mt s CPU tng thch vi Intel th h 4 nh AMD v Cyrix cn 2 chu k cho 1 lnh n. - Pentium v cc CPU th h 5 tng thch Intel nh AMD v Cyrix thc hin 3 lnh n trong 1 chu k. V vy nh gi tc ca mt CPU ngoi tc ng h cn phi xem xt n s chu k thc hin mt lnh ca chng. Chnh v vy m CPU 486 chy nhanh hn hai ln so vi CPU 386 cng tc , CPU pentium chy nhanh hn 2 ln CPU 486 cng tc , tc x l ca CPU pentium III 600 MHz tng ng CPU pentium 900 MHz.
b) Tc CPU v tc bng mch chnh Cc b x l khc nhau c h s nhn xung nhp khc nhau i vi tc ca bng mch chnh (hay cn gi l tc ca Bus h thng ), h s ny c th c ci t thng qua mt jumper trn bng mch chnh hay thng qua thit t CMOS ( theo ti liu hng dn km theo bng mch chnh). Hu ht cc my tnh hin thi u s dng cc mch in t iu chnh tn s iu khin tc bng mch chnh v tc CPU. Cc bng mch chnh hin nay thng c cc tc khc nhau, CPU c th chy nhiu tn s khc nhau tu thuc tc ca bng mch chnh.
CPU
Tc CPU
H s nhn
6/6,5/7/7,5x 5x/5x 5/4/5,5x
Tc BMC (x)
66 100 100/133/100
Pentium IV
Pentium IV
1.2. Bus d liu rng ca Bus d liu xc nh s bit d liu c th ng thi vo/ra chip CPU. Bus d liu ca CPU c kt ni vi Bus d liu trn bng mch chnh c chc nng nhn hay gi d liu thng qua cc chn d liu. rng ca Bus d liu ng thi cng quy nh kch thc khi b nh. Trong my tnh d liu c gi i di dng thng tin s, mt ng truyn c th c in p 5v (bit d liu 1) hay 0 v (bit d liu 0). Cc my pentium c th nhn hay gi ng thi 64 bit t/ti b nh chnh. 1.3. Cc thanh ghi trong Kch thc thanh ghi trong ch ra di ti a cc bit m CPU c th x l ng thi ti mt th im. Vi thanh ghi 32 bit th CPU c th thc hin cc lnh 32 bit v x l cc chui 32 bit m cc CPU c thanh ghi 16 bit khng th. Cc CPU 32 bit c th chy trn cc h iu hnh 32 bit v cc phn mm 32 bit c th chy c.
1.4. Bus a ch - rng ca Bus a ch xc nh dung lng RAM ti a m CPU c th a ch ho c. Chng ta bit vi s c hai ch s c s 10 th c 102 =100 s khc nhau, c s 2 th c 22 = 4 s khc nhau, vi Bus a ch 20 ng th c 202 = 1048576 a ch khc nhau.
1.5. B nh Cache tch hp trong CPU - B nh Cache tch hp trong CPU cn c gi l Cache L1 (Level 1). Cc CPU t 486DX tr li y u c b nh tc cao dng lu tr mt s m lnh v d liu cho cng vic hin thi c tch hp ngay bn trong CPU c gi l Cache L1. Cache L1 thng chy vi tc bng tc CPU, v vy khi truy cp b nh cache L1, CPU khng phi vo trng thi ch (wait state).
2. Mt s vn lin quan ti cng ngh ca b vi x l 2.1. Cng ngh MMX Cng ngh MMX (MultiMedia eXtension - m rng a phng tin) bt u c gii thiu trong cc CPU pentiun th h MMX. Cng ngh MMX tch hp cc kh nng SIMD v b sung thm 57 lnh mi h tr cho vic x l d liu hnh nh, m thanh, ho,... Ngoi ra, cc chip MMX c dung lng Cache L1 ln gp i cc chip pentium thng v vy n ci thin s hot ng ca cc phn mm d l a phng tin hay khng.
2.2. Cng ngh SSE /SSE2 a) Cng ngh SSE B x l Pentium III c gii thiu vo thng 2 nm 1999, m rng cng ngh MMX c gi l cng ngh SSE (Streaming SIMD Extension). SSE gm 70 lnh mi phc v cho vic x l ho, m thanh, 3D, trnh din DVD, cc ng dng nhn dng ting ni, SSE c cc u im ni bt sau: 1. phn gii cao, cht lng hnh nh cao v c x l. 2. Cht lng m thanh cao, m ho /gii m MPEG2 ng thi. 3. Gim chim dng CPU trong nhn dng ting ni, chnh xc cao.
a) Cng ngh SSE2 SSE2 m rng cng ngh MMX v SSE bng cch tng thm 144 lnh mi. Nhng lnh ny bao gm cc php ton trn cc s nguyn v cc s thc 128 bit. Nhng lnh ny lm gim i tng s lnh c bn c yu cu chy mt chng trnh v kt qu l lm cho kh nng ca my tnh tng ln. SSE2 cng lm tng tc rt nhiu trong cc ng dng: bao gm ng dng trong video, m thanh, hnh nh, x l nh, to mt m, ti chnh, k thut v khoa hc,...
2.3. Cng ngh siu phn lung B vi x l pentium IV tc 3.06 GHz h tr cng ngh siu phn lung (Hyper - Threading Technology), y l mt cng ngh t ph ca Intel, lm thay i kin trc ca b vi x l, v ci tin s thi hnh ca b vi x l. Cng ngh ny cho php cc chng trnh phn mm c thc hin trn 2 b vi x l o (trong mt b vi x l vt l) v lm vic mt cch hiu qu hn. Cng ngh mi ny cho php b vi x l thc thi ng thi hai lung cc ch lnh trong cng mt thi im. V vy, ci tin ng k nng lc v cht lng thc thi cc lnh.
2.4. Cng ngh siu ng ng Cng ngh siu ng ng (Hyper - Pipelined Technology) ca vi kin trc Intel NetBurst tng gp i su ca ng ng so vi vi kin trc dng trong cc b vi x l Intel Pentium III. Mt trong nhng ng ng mu cht, ng ng d on nhnh / khi phc c b sung ln ti 20 cp trong vi kin trc Intel NetBurst, so vi 10 cp trong vi kin trc ca b x l trc . Cng ngh ny tng mt cch hiu qu s hot ng, tn xut v tnh thch nghi ca b vi x l.
2.5. Cng ngh ng gi CPU a) ng gi kiu PGA PGA (Pin Grid Array), l s b tr cc chn theo mt li hnh vung. b) ng gi kiu SPGA SPGA (Staggered Pin Grid Array), l s b tr cc chn theo hnh ch chi. c) ng gi kiu SECC SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge - hp tip xc cnh n). Cc CPU Pentium II/III thng ng gi theo kiu ny. B x l v cc chip RAM Cache L2 c lp trn mt bng mch nh c bc kn trong mt hp kim loi v cht do.
3. B ng x l ton hc B ng x l ton hc cn c gi l b x l du phy ng. Cc b x l 486SX v trc c b ng x l ton hc t bn ngoi chip CPU c k hiu l x87. Cc CPU t 486DX v sau b ng x l ton hc c tch hp ngay bn trong chip. Cc b ng x l ton hc c th thc hin cc thao tc tnh ton cao cp nh: chia, khai cn, loga, lng gic, ... nhanh gp 10 n 100 ln b x l chnh tng ng thc hin. B ng x l thc hin cc php ton trn cc s thc du chm ng v trong khi tnh ton c s dch chuyn ca du phy. n v x l trong CPU ch thc hin cc php tnh cng, tr, nhn vi s nguyn. Cc h thng t 386 v trc c tu chn lp b ng x l ton hc. B ng x l ton hc khng c coi l thit b chun, mt s h thng thm ch cn khng c c cm dnh cho b ng x l ton hc.
Tn
S chn
Kiu
in th
Socket 7
321
SPGA
VRM
Socket 370
370
SPGA
AutoVRM
Slot 1
242
Slot
AutoVRM
Socket 478
423/478
MPGA
AutoVRM
5. Cc ch ca b vi x l Cc CPU 32 bit t 386 tr li y c 3 ch vn hnh khc nhau: - Ch thc (Phn mm 16 bit). - Ch bo v (Phn mm 32 bit). - Ch thc o (Phn mm 16 bit trong mi trng 32 bit).
5.1. Ch thc IBM PC 8088/8086 c cc thanh ghi trong 16 bit, v c 20 ng a ch. V vy, phn mm PC gc c to ra l cc phn mm 16 bit (c phn mm h iu hnh v phn mm ng dng), n s dng cc ch th 16 bit v truy cp b nh RAM phm vi 1 MB. V d: DOS v cc phn mm chy trn DOS, chy ch 16 bit v gii hn trong kin trc b nh 1 MB c gi l "ch thc". y l ch n nhim, ti mt thi im ch c mt chng trnh c chy. Khng c trnh bo v ngn mt chng trnh vit ln chng trnh khc trong b nh. 5.3. Ch thc o y l ch o ca ch 16 bit thc bn trong ch bo v 32 bit. Trong mi trng Windows 95/98/2000 khi ta tm thot v DOS v chy cc chng trnh for DOS tc l ta ang ch thc o. Bi v ch bo v l a nhim nn chng ta c th chy ng thi nhiu chng trnh for DOS m khng b li. Ta cng lu rng, ch thc o ch truy cp c 1 MB b nh RAM. Khi chng ta chy mt chng trnh for DOS trong mi trng Windows 95/98 th h iu hnh s to ra mt my DOS o v chng trnh s c thc hin trong .
5.2. Ch bo v (32 bit) Cc b x l 386 v sau c cc thanh ghi 32 bit, v vy n c th chy vi cc tp ch th 32 bit. Cc h iu hnh v cc phn mm ng dng 32 bit c chy trong ch ny, y l ch bo v, chng ghi ln chng trnh khc trong b nh.
6. Cc th h CPU 6.1. Th h 1 - 8086/8088 Cc c trng k thut c bn ca CPU th h 1: 1. rng thanh ghi: 16 bits. 2. rng Bus d liu: 8086: 16 bits; 8088: 8 bits. 3. rng Bus a ch: 20 bits (khng gian a ch nh 1MB). 4. B ng x l 8087 l mt chip ring bit.
6.2. Th h 2 - 80286 CPU 80286 c Intel gii thiu 1981 v c lp trong cc my PC/AT (Advanced Technology) ca IBM v cc my tng thch IBM PC. 80286 c cc c trng k thut ch yu sau: 1. rng thanh ghi: 16 bits. 2. rng Bus d liu: 16 bits. 3. rng Bus a ch: 24 bits (khng gian a ch nh 16 MB). 4. B ng x l 80287 l mt chip ring bit.
6.3. Th h 3 - 80386 Cc c trng k thut c bn chung B x l 80386 l b x l 32 bit c gii thiu 1985 v c a vo trong cc my tnh cui 1986. B x l th h ba c mt s c trng k thut chung sau y: 1. Tc t 16 MHz n 40 MHz. 2. B ng x l 80387 l mt chip ring bit, l chip ng x l ton hc c hiu nng cao c thit k c bit lm vic vi CPU 386. C 2 loi b ng x l l: 80387 DX lm vic vi 80386 DX, v 80387 SX lm vic vi 80386 SX v 386 SL. 3. B x l 80386 h tr c hai ch lm vic: thc / bo v, v n c th chuyn t ch ny sang ch kia m khng cn khi ng li my. Ngoi ra 80386 cn h tr ch thc o cho php chy ch thc trong mi trng ch bo v.
6.4. Th h 4 - 80486 a) Cc c trng k thut c bn chung H vi x l 80486 c cc c trng chung sau y: 1. rng thanh ghi: 32 bits. 2. rng Bus d liu: 32 bits. 3. rng Bus a ch: 32 bits (khng gian a ch nh 4GB). 4. Gim thi gian thi hnh lnh: c th thc hin mt lnh ch trong 2 chu k. 5. Tch hp CacheL1 trong chip. 6. B ng x l ton hc tch hp trong chip (tr 80486 SX): lm tng tc x l ca chip ng x l ln 3 ln so vi b ng x l c lp nm ngoi. 7. Ch truyn tng khi b nh: ch truyn theo khi c th c m t nh sau: vi mi mt khi d liu 16 bytes, ln di chuyn 4 bytes u tin ca khi cn 2 chu k ng h, nhng mi bn bytes tip theo ca khi ch cn mt chu k ng h. Nh vy, 16 bytes d liu k nhau c truyn ch vi 5 chu k thay v 8 chu k.
6.5. Th h 5 - Pentium Cc c trng k thut c bn chung B x l th h 5 ca Intel c cng b ngy 19/10/199 1. Kch thc thanh ghi: 32 bit. 2. Bus a ch: 32 bit. 3. Bus d liu: 64 bit. 4. ng x l: tch hp trong chip. 5. Qun l in nng: c S khc bit c bn so vi th h bn l Pentium c hai ng dn lnh cho php thc hin 2 lnh ng thi, cng ngh ny gi l cng ngh siu hng, vi cng ngh ny, Pentium c th thc hin c 2 lnh trong mt chu k xung nhip. Hai ng dn lnh c tn l u v v, ng u l ng s cp c kh nng thc thi tt c cc lnh s nguyn v du phy ng. ng v l ng th cp ch thc hin cc lnh trn cc s nguyn n gin v mt s lnh du phy ng.
6.6. Th h 6 1. Kch thc thanh ghi: 32 bit. 2. rng Bus a ch: 36 bit (khng gian a ch nh 64 GB). 3. rng Bus d liu: 64 bit. 4. B ng x l: Tch hp trong chip. 5. Qun l in nng: c. 6. Tch hp cng ngh DE: cng ngh DE (Dynamic Execution - thc hin ng) bao gm: + D on a nhnh + Phn tch lung d liu + Thc hin suy on DE thc cht l loi b s rng buc vo th t tun t cc lnh, gim s ch i d liu t b nh. 7. Kin trc DIB: kin trc DIB (Dual Independent Bus - Bus c lp i) tc l CPU c 2 Bus d liu, mt cho cache L2 v mt cho bng mch chnh lm tng tc cahe L2.
6.7. B vi x l th h 7 B vi x l th h 7 ca Intel c tn l Itanium. Phin bn mi nht hin nay l Itanium 2 tc 1.5 GHz vi 6 MB cache L3 tch hp, c kin trc c nht v nh p ng s i hi kht khe ca cc ng dng kinh doanh v cng ngh.
Chng VI Bng mch chnh Lin kt tt c cc thnh phn khc nhau ca ton b h thng my tnh vi nhau. Bng mch chnh c cc thut ng ting Anh sau: Mainboard, Motherboard, System board.
1. Mt s loi bng mch chnh thng gp C nhiu thng s nh dng chung cho bng mch chnh, n cho bit kch c ca bng mch chnh v t xc nh loi hp my no tng thch vi n. Loi c: Baby-AT Full-size AT LPX Loi mi: ATX (Advanced Technology eXtension)
c trng k thut c bn ca ATX 1. Bng kt ni I/O vi cc thit b ngoi vi hai tng. Cc b ni kt pha ngoi c th cm trc tip ln bng mch chnh m khng cn h thng cp dn t b kt ni trong ra sau hp my nh cc bng mch chnh trc n. 2. Ch c mt b ni kt ngun ni b theo kiu kho n. B ni kt ny ch hot ng khi c cm ng chiu, ng thi b ni kt ny cn c tc dng n nh in p vo bng mch chnh mc 3,3 v. Nh vy bng mch chnh ATX khng cn mt b n p gn sn trn n, m chnh b n p ny thng l nguyn nhn ca nhiu s hng hc.
3. C s b tr li v tr ca CPU v b nh trn b mt bng mch chnh, nh to ra thng thong cho bng mch v khng cn gy vng vu khi lp t cc Card m rng. ATX cho php nng cp CPU, b nh mt cch d dng v khng cn phi tho bt k mt Card m rng no. CPU v b nh c b tr cnh b ngun, pha trc ni lp t qut lm mt, chnh v vy tn dng ngun gi lm mt chng. 4. C s b tr li cc b ni kt I/O ni b, nh cc b ni kt cc a, c nh v gn vi hc t a, nh rt ngn di cp, gim gi thnh v d dng trong vic lp t. 5. Chi ph sn xut thp, tit kim c cc cp ni t bng mch chnh ti cc cng kt ni ngoi vi, gim qut dnh ring cho CPU, gim b n p, rt ngn cp kt ni a v bng mch chnh,...
2. Cc thnh phn ca bng mch chnh Cc bng mch chnh hin nay thng c cc b phn sau: 1. Socket/Slot ca CPU. 2. Chipset. 3. Chip Super I/O. 4. ROM BIOS. 5. Cc khe cm SIMM / DIMM / RIMM, cc khe cm ISA / PCI / AGP v bus. 6. B n p cho CPU. 7. Cc cng kt ni khc.
2.1. Chipset 2.1.1. Tng quan v chipset Cc bng mch chnh u tin cho cc my tnh IBM PC thng c lp nhiu vi mch in t ring bit. Ngoi CPU, b ng x l, cn nhiu chip khc nh: b to xung nhp ng h, b iu khin Bus, b m thi gian h thng, b iu khin truy cp b nh trc tip, RAM CMOS, b iu khin bn phm, ... Phn ln cc thnh phn in t ny u c cung cp bi Intel (tr RAM CMOS c Motorola cung cp), hoc cc nh sn xut khc c Intel cho php.
Nm 1986, cng ty Chips and Technologies gii thiu mt sn phm c tn 82C206 - y l mt chip n tch hp ton b cc chc nng ca cc chip c bn trn bng mch chnh nh: b to xung nhp, b iu khin bus, b iu khin thi gian h thng, b /K ngt, ... Ngoi ra, cn c 4 chip khc c tng cng cho 82C206. Nh vy, ton b cc con chip trn bng mch chnh nu trn (tr CPU v b ng x l) c tch hp vo 5 con chip in t to thnh b chipset c tn l CS8220. Sau ny 4 chip tng cng c thu gn li ch trong mt chip n duy nht.
S hiu Dng CPU 420 xx Th h 4 430xx Th h 5 440xx Pentium pro/Pentium II/III 450xx My tnh Server vi Pentium pro/Pentium Xeon 845xx/850xx Pentium IV Cc chipset t 420 xx cho ti 450 xx ca Intel c thit k vi cu trc 2 lp, c s lin kt cht ch vi nhau l North Bridge v South Bridge
1. North Bridge (cu ni bc): y l mt chip nm pha trn, ni kt cc thnh phn: CPU Bus, memory bus, cache L2 bus, PCI bus. N l thnh phn chnh ca chipset hot ng vi tc bng tc bus h thng. N lin kt gia CPU vi nhng thnh phn cn li ca bng mch chnh. Ngoi ra, North Bridge cn cha cc b iu khin cache v iu khin b nh chnh. 2. South Bridge (cu ni nam): l cu ni nm pha di, kt ni gia PCI bus v ISA bus, n hot ng vi tc thp hn North Bridge. Ngoi ra, n cn cha cc giao din iu khin a IDE, giao din USB, CMOS RAM, PCI bus v ISA bus.
Chipset 810 c 1 s im cn lu sau: 1. Da trn nn tng cng ngh 440BX. 2. Tch hp chip ho 3D vi cng ho tng cng trc tip phc v cc hnh nh hai chiu v 3 chiu. 3. S dng hiu qu b nh h thng nng cao hiu nng ho v x l hnh nh video. 4. Kin trc Hub nng cao hiu nng vo / ra. 5. Tch hp b iu khin AC 97 - Audio Codec (Code/ecoe). 6. Loi b bus ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture).
Intel 82810 82810 cn c tn Hus iu khin b nh, ho (Graphics Memory Controller Hub - GMCH). Ngoi ra, n cn ng vai tr cu ni gia bus h thng v bus AHA (Accelerated Hub Architecture), iu khin b nh, cung cp phng tin phc v mng, qun l nng lng. Intel 82801 Hub iu khin vo / ra (I/O Controller Hub - ICH) c s hiu 82801 kt ni trc tip vi 82810 thng qua bus AHA c tc gp i tc bus PCI trc kia v kt ni vi 82802 thng qua bus PCI. ICH tch hp cc giao din IDE, Audio Codec, PCI, USB, bn phm, chut, my in,... Intel 82802 Intel 82802 cn c tn Hub vi chng trnh hay (FirmWare Hus - FWH). FWH bao gm BIOS c lu trong b nh kiu Flash c th cp nht thng xuyn c, ngoi ra n cn h tr kh nng bo mt, tch hp CMOS/RTC.
Cc chipset ca Pentium IV
Tn chipset S hiu Tc Bus H tr cng ngh HT Kin trc CPU thch hp 845 82845 MCH 400 C Intel Hus PIV 865P 82865P MCH 533/400 C Intel Hus PIV
2.2. Chip Super I/O y l chip ln th ba trn bng mch chnh, chip ny gm ti thiu cc thnh phn sau: 1. B iu khin a mm. 2. B iu khin cng ni tip. 3. B iu khin cng song song. Ngoi cc thnh phn trn, chip Super I/O ca mt s bng mch chnh cn c mt s thnh phn khc nh b iu khin chut, bn phm,... Trong cc bng mch chnh i mi, vai tr ca Super I/O ngy cng phai m, do mt s chc nng c tch hp ln South Bridge. Super I/O s khng tn ti v vic tch hp cc chc nng vo chipset v vic s dng cc thit b ni vi h thng qua cc cng USB thay v qua cc cng ni tip/song song. K t cc chipset 810 tr i, South Bridge v Super I/O c kt hp lm mt.
2.3. Cc loi BUS v cc Card m rng 2.3.1. Bus v s phn cp Bus Bus l cc ng lin kt ghp ni cc b phn ca my tnh, thng tin c th truyn t b phn ny ti b phn khc thng qua Bus. Cc Bus c phn thnh nhiu cp tu theo tc , cc cp c tc chm hn ch c ni vi cp c tc ln hn st n. Trong hu ht cc PC cc Bus c phn thnh 3 cp hoc 4 cp. Tt c cc thit b trong h thng u c ni vo
mt Bus no .
2.3.2. Cc loi Bus a) CPU Bus hay System Bus CPU Bus l ng truyn tn hiu gia CPU v North Bridge. Trong mt s h thng, n cn l ng truyn tn hiu gia CPU v Cache L2. . Tc ca CPU Bus bng tc bng mch chnh, rng tu thuc th h my. m bo trao i thng tin nhanh v trnh n tc, CPU Bus c tc nhanh hn bt c Bus no trong h thng. CPU Bus gm cc mch in dnh cho truyn d liu, truyn a ch v truyn cc tn hiu iu khin. CPU Bus hot ng cng mt xung nhip vi xung nhp ngoi ca CPU.
b) Memory Bus Memory Bus dng truyn thng tin gia CPU v b nh chnh thng qua cu ni North Bridge. Tc ca n do Chipset iu khin tu thuc vo loi RAM ci t trong h thng. rng ca Memory Bus quy nh kch thc khi b nh. Memory Bus thng c mt s khe cm chng ta c th ci t vo cc m un nh nhm m rng dung lng ca b nh trong.
c) AGP Bus AGP Bus (Accelerated Graphics Port - Cng ho tng tc) c Intel thit k dnh ring cho cc tc v hnh nh v ho, AGP Bus ch c mt khe cm AGP dnh ring cho Card mn hnh. Phin bn u 1.0 ca AGP Bus ra i thng 7/1996, c tc xung nhp c s 66 MHz, ch 1x hoc 2x. Nm 1998 Intel cho ra phin bn 2.0 c ch 4x. Do AGP Bus c lp vi PCI Bus nn vic s dng Card mn hnh AGP s gii phng PCI Bus cho cc thit b I/O khc. Hn na, thit k ny ni trc tip Card mn hnh vi b nh chnh, cho php Card mn hnh c th truy cp trc tip ti RAM, do khng cn RAM ring bit cho Card mn hnh.
d) PCI Bus PCI Bus (Pripheral Component Interconnect - ni kt thnh phn ngoi vi) c coi nh mt "siu xa l thng tin" khi mi ra i. PCI Bus c ni vi CPU Bus v Memory Bus thng qua North Bridge v ni trc tip vo cc khe cm PCI dnh cho cc Card m rng PCI. PCI Bus c mt s c trng k thut sau: 1. Trong cc phin bn u c kh nng hot ng ti a ng thi vi 3 thit b ngoi vi c cm trc tip vo n (thng l cc Card mn hnh, cc Card iu khin a, cc card mng). 2. Ngay t cc phin bn u, chun PCI c thit k truyn ng thi 32 / 64 bit, tc truyn c th ln ti 264 MB/giy. Cc Card 32 bit c 124 chn, cc Card 64 bit c 184 chn. 3. Mt trong nhng c trng na ca chun PCI l cc PCI Card c cu hnh t ng (PNP - Plug and Play - cm v chy). Mi Card m rng c cm vo khe cm PCI u c thng tin ngay trn n, v c th c CPU c v s dng trong ci t. PCI Bus c hng Intel pht trin, khng n thun ch l mt Bus m c coi nh l mt phn m rng kh nng ca CPU, v l thuyt n c th c tc tng ng vi tc ca CPU.
2.3.3. Cc Card m rng Cc my tnh c thit k sao cho vic b sung cc thit b c n gin. p ng iu , trn bng mch chnh, c cc khe cm (Slot) hnh ch nht hp, di. Bn trong cc khe ny l cc mi ni kt vi cc bus. USB (Universal Serial Bus): L mt chun Bus dng cho cc thit b ngoi vi do t hp cc hng Compaq, Intel, DEC, Microsoft, IBM hp tc a ra. Mc tiu ca USB l cho php ngi dng cm cc b phn vo my tnh m khng cn tt h thng, khng cn tho v my, khng cn lp thm card m rng, khng cn ci t chng trnh.
4. S c thng thng v cch x l Khi c s c m chng ta nghi ng c lin quan ti bng mch chnh, cch x l thc t nht l tin hnh c lp tm ra nguyn nhn gy ra s c. Chng ta c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau: 1. Kim tra ngun cung cp in: rc c cm vo mng in cha? cc u cm c b lng khng? 2. Kim tra ton b cc dy cp kt ni my tnh vi cc thit b ngoi vi (li ny thng xut hin trong khi Post). 3. Kim tra xem cc bng mch m rng c b li tip xc khng? y l li rt hay gp, c bit l vi cc bng mch chnh khng phi ca Intel.
Bi tp cui chng 6.1. Cc loi bng mch chnh c dng cho cc my tnh c nhn t th h th nht n nay. 6.2. Vai tr ca bng mch chnh i vi mt h thng my tnh. Khi mun nng cp mt my tnh th c nht thit phi thay th bng mch chnh khng? Ti sao? 6.3. Trnh by nhng c trng k thut ni bt ca bng mch chnh ATX. S khc bit c bn nht gia bng mch chnh ATX v AT. 6.4. Cc thnh phn ca bng mch chnh, trnh by thut ng Chipset. Tng quan v s pht trin ca chipset trong lch s pht trin ca my tnh in t. 6.5. Trnh by v North Bridge v South Bridge, vai tr ca chng trong bng mch chnh. 6.6. Trnh by v kin trc chipset ca Intel t 810 tr i. 6.7. Kin trc v chc nng ca chip Super I/O. Ti loi chip ny trong bng mch chnh dng cc chipset t 810 tr i li khng cn tn ti na? 6.8. Trnh by s kin trc v nguyn l hot ng ca s phn cp bus trong h thng Pentum II. 6.9. Cc loi Bus, kin trc v c trng k thut c bn ca mi loi. 6.10. Vai tr ca cc khe cm Card m rng trn bng mch chnh. Bn c d on g v s pht trin ca chng trong tng lai? 6.11. Cc bc lp t / tho g mt bng mch chnh. 6.12. Khi my tnh gp s c c nghi ng lin quan ti bng mch chnh th chng ta cn phi x l nh th no?
CHNG VII. A
a l mt thnh phn rt quan trng ca my tnh, tr mt s loi my tnh trong mng c th khng cn a cn tt c cc my tnh u khng th hot ng nu khng c a. a ngoi nhim v lu tr d liu v chng trnh cn tr gip khng gian nh cho b nh trong mt khi b nh trong khng cha cc d liu trung gian khi hot ng. Chng ny cung cp nhng hiu bit v nguyn l hot ng, cu trc ca a. Qua cc kin thc cung cp nhng k nng qun l v bo tr a.
1. M U 1.1. B nh ph (Storage) Thi k u, b nh ph l cc bng c l c s dng lu tr cc chng trnh v s liu, n c nhc im l ch thu nhn thng tin 1 ln sau khng thay i c na, tc chm, dung lng thp. Bng t ra i sau, c u im hn l: c th c/ghi nhiu ln, dung lng ln hn. Tuy nhin tc cn chm v t chc truy cp trc tip rt kh khn. a t c a vo s dng ln u tin trong cc thit b tnh ton ca hng IBM, vo u nhng nm 70, ngy nay a t tr thnh mt trong cc thit b ngoi vi chun ca cc my micro v mini. a t c u im: dung lng ln, tc cao, thi gian thm nhp tng i ngn, t chc c/ghi tn hiu mm do, gi r, gn nh, d bo qun, d s dng. a quang hay cn gi l a laser (Compact Disk), c u im: dung lng ln, tin cy cao, a quang ch thua km a cng v tc truy nhp.
1.2. Nguyn l c/ghi t tnh. Trn vt liu do nh polime hay vt liu cng nh gm hoc nhm ngi ta ph mt lp mng cht c cha st t, lp ny c kh nng thm t v duy tr t tnh sau khi tc ng ln chng mt t trng mang ni dung thng tin. Tnh thm t l tnh cht c th cho t thng xuyn qua mt cch d dng v chu s tc ng ca t thng . Tnh duy tr t tnh hay tnh nhim t, l kh nng lu li t tnh sau khi ngng tc ng t trng t bn ngoi. Cht st t l nhng cht c thm t v tnh duy tr t tnh cao.
B phn then cht trong vic c/ghi l u t. u t c nguyn l cu to ging nam chm in, trong cc cc li u t c lm bng hp kim st t, hnh khuyn, c mt khe h nh ng thi l im tip xc ca u t vi lp st t ca bng hay a t. Quanh li t c qun mt cun dy, c im gia ni mt chng nhiu. Khi ghi, dng in chy trong cun dy AB c cng tng ng vi cc bit thng tin cn ghi, to ra mt t trng xc nh trong li hnh khuyn. Qua khe h t thng ca t trng ny tc ng xung lp st t, lp st t c thm t v duy tr t tnh tng ng vi bit thng tin. Nh vy t trng dc theo ng ghi thay i theo quy lut ca dng in mang thng tin chy qua cun dy AB. Khi c, ngc li vi qu trnh ghi, theo nguyn l cm ng in t s bin thin ca t trng dc theo ng ghi sinh ra dng in cm ng trong cun dy AB, dng in ny tng ng vi dng in dng ghi thng tin trn a.
2. A MM V A MM 2.1. a mm + Mt a (Side, Head) Thng tin c th ghi ln mt hoc c hai mt ca a, mi mt a cn phi c mt u t c/ghi. D liu c ghi ln mt a theo mt n (SD - Single Density) hay mt kp (DD - Double Density). Ngy nay ngi ta ch s dng loi a hai mt (DS Double Side), mt kp. + Rnh (Track) D liu c ghi ln a theo cc ng ng tm gi l rnh. Rnh c nh s t ngoi vo tm theo th t t nh n ln, rnh ngoi cng l 0, trong cng l 39 (a 360 Kb) hoc 79 (vi a 1,44 Mb). + Cung (Sector) Mi rnh chia thnh nhiu cung tu thuc cch phn chia v loi a, chng hn c 9 sector vi a 360 Kb v 18 sector vi a 1,44 Mb.
2.2. Cu to a mm
a mm bao gm cc b phn c hc v in t cn thit thc hin cc chc nng sau: + Quay a mm vi tc quy nh + Dch chuyn u t dc theo bn knh a n rnh mong mun + H u t cho n tip xc vi mt a + Thng bo trng thi ca a (v tr ca u t ang trn rnh no, pht hin v phn bit l ch s, l cung, trng thi sn sng lm vic, cm ghi, li ghi,...) + Ghi v c s liu
2.4. X l s c v sa cha a mm
3. A CNG 3.1 Cc c tnh c bn v nguyn l hot ng a cng ta thng vit tt l HDD (Hard Disk Driver), cn gi l None-Removable Disk ch c tnh quan trng ca n l cc a c gn c nh vi h thng quay a, khng th tho ri ra c. Cc c im chung ca a cng - Cc a cng c lm bng vt liu cng, trn b mt ph cht st t. - a cng v rt phng nn u t c th c nh v rt chnh xc, khng cn tip xc trc tip m ch cn bay st mt a cng c th c/ghi thng tin, v vy c th nng cao tc quay ca a cng ln hn tc quay ca a mm rt nhiu m khng s ma st gia u t v mt a gy h hng. - Cu trc ghi thng tin ca a cng cng c cu to ging nh trn a mm, bao gm: Rnh (Track), Mt (Side Head), Cung (Sector). Mt khi nim mi l Tr (Cylinder), tr bao gm cc rnh c cng bn knh trn tt c cc mt.
* Chun ST506
Trong cc my IBM PC u tin thng dng cc a cng chun ST506, do hng Segate Technology sn xut. Theo chun ny HDD v HDC l 2 b phn tch bit. B iu khin nm trn card m rng cm vo mt trong cc slot trn mainboard. Mi b iu khin c th iu khin c 2 a cng. Cc tn hiu ghp ni HDD vi HDC c chia lm 2 nhm: nhm cc tn hiu iu khin (34 dy) v nhm cc tn hiu s liu (20 dy).
* Chun ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface) * Chun SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) * Chun IDE (Integrated Device Electronics )
* Cc dng cu hnh a
Khi 2 a cng kt ni vo mt cp, c mt a chnh gi l ch (master) v a ph (slave). Mt my tnh thng h tr hai ng kt ni IDE, ng th nht gi l Primary, ng kia l Secondary, tng ng cc a trn cc ng kt ni l Primary Master, Primary Slave, Secondary Master v Secondary Slave. Quy nh a l Master hoc Slave bng cch thit lp cc jumper tng ng theo s (thng c ghi ngay trn v a).
* Phn vng a
Vic to cc phn vng (cc a logic), c thc hin bng chng trnh FDISK ca MS-DOS hoc Windows, chng trnh ny cho php chn dung lng cho cc phn vng theo MB hay % ca a vt l. Theo quy cch ca h iu hnh MS-DOS mt a cng c th chia lm 3 phn vng: Phn vng DOS c s (Primary DOS Partition ) l phn vng sau ny l a logic cha chng trnh h thng ca h iu hnh MS-DOS. Phn vng DOS m rng (Extended DOS Partition) l phn vng chu s qun l ca h iu hnh MS-DOS. Trong phn vng ny ta c th chia lm nhiu vng con, mi vng con ta c th s dng lm mt a logic. Phn vng phi DOS (Non DOS Partition ) l phn vng c th ci t mt h iu hnh khc MS-DOS.
4. A QUANG V A QUANG Ngy nay a quang c s dng ph bin, chng c dung lng cha thng tin cao. Ban u cc a quang c pht trin nhm ghi cc ghi m thanh (CD Compact Disk), hnh nh ng (VCD Vido CD), v sau chng c ng dng vo trong cc hot ng lu tr thng tin trn my tnh (CD ROM -Compact Disk Read Only Memory). Thng tin c lu tr trn a quang l thng tin ri rc. * Nguyn l ch to Ngi ta to ra cc a CD ROM theo 2 bc: Bc 1: Dng tia laser mnh t nng chy thnh cc hc ng knh 1 m trn mt a ch bng cht do. Mi hc ny tng ng vi mt bit thng tin. Bc 2: T a ch ny to ra mt ci khun to ra cc bn copy l cc a cht do. Sau ngi ta ph mt lp nhm mng phn quang ln trn mt a v li ph mt lp cht do trong sut ln trn lp nhm bo v. Cc hc nh c gi l pits, cn din tch khng b t chy thnh hc gi l lands, chng c phn x nh sng khc nhau.
* T chc thng tin Thng tin trn CD-ROM c ghi theo mt ng xon c duy nht. D liu c ghi thnh tng nhm 24 byte, mi byte u tin c m rng t 8 bit thnh 14 bit bng vic s dng m ReedSolomon, 3 bit c bit c thm vo gia cc nhm v mt byte ng b c b sung to thnh mt frame, 98 frame to thnh mt block cha 2 KB d liu, block l mt n v c bn a ch ho c. Mi CD-ROM c th cha 270000 block, cho dung lng 533 MB. Cch ghi thng tin trn phc tp, gy lng ph dung lng a, nhng cho tin cy cao v gi thnh ch to rt r.
* Cc a quang ghi c 1 ln v nhiu ln Cc CD ROM c miu t trn khng th ghi thm hoc ghi li thng tin c, sau ny ngi ta ch to ra cc a quang th h th hai l WORM (Write Once Read Many), cho php ngi s dng ghi mt ln thng tin ln cc a quang ny. Cc a CD-RW hin nay s dng loi a ny ghi thng tin mt ln ln mt a trng. Cc a quang th h th ba l loi a c th xo c, chng s dng cng ngh quang - t. a cht do c ph mt lp hp kim, hp kim ny c tnh cht l nhit thp chng khng nhy cm vi t trng, nhng nhit cao cu trc phn t ca chng sp xp li theo t trng tc ng vo. ghi thng tin, u (c) ca a c mt laser v mt nam chm. Tia laser chiu mt xung nh sng ngn vo kim loi, nng nhit ca n tc thi ln cao, nhng cha lm chy thnh hc (pit), ng thi nam chm pht ra mt t trng theo mt trong hai hng sp xp li cc phn t ca cht c tnh cht quang t. Khi xung laser ht, ch kim loi b chiu tia laser b t ho theo mt trong hai hng biu din 0 hoc 1. Thng tin ny c c li nh cc CD ROM thng thng bng cch s dng tia laser yu hn rt nhiu.
4. MT S HNG HC THNG GP Cu hi 1: Lm th no bit mt a mm b hng b iu khin a, b bn hoc lch u t; a mm b hng vt l b mt, b hng logc? Cu hi 2: Lm th no bit mt a cng b hng b iu khin a, b hng vt l b mt, b hng logc? BI TP 7.1 Trnh by mt s vn v a cng: Khi nim, xu th pht trin, hot ng. 7.2 Mt a cng mun lu tr d liu c phi qua nhng khu chun b no. Trnh by ni dung ca cc bc . 7.3 Cc thnh phn c bn ca a cng, cch lp t a cng vo my tnh. 7.4 Trnh by mt s vn cn lu v bo tr a cng.
1. MN HNH i vi my vi tnh hin nay, phng tin giao tip ch yu ngi-my l bn phm v mn hnh. Mn hnh l phng tin hin th thng tin thun li v kinh t. Thng tin hin th l ch, s hoc ho. Hin nay c hai loi mn hnh c s dng ph bin l mn hnh tia m cc CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) v mn hnh tinh th lng LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). Loi CRT thng dng hn v gi thnh thp v c kh nng hin th thng tin mu sc phong ph, ng thi vic iu khin CRT do cc mch LSI chuyn dng m nhim. Loi LCD c u im l mng, gn nh v tiu th t nng lng, tuy nhin, kh nng hin th mu sc, nh sng cn nhiu hn ch, hn na gi thnh li cao.
1.1. Cc c trng k thut c bn * Nguyn l ca phng php hin th hnh nh video Mn hnh my tnh c kch thc xc nh, trn c th cha mt s hu hn im nh. c th hin th thng tin cn phi lu tr cc thng tin m t thuc tnh sng ca tng im nh trn mn hnh vo b nh, ngoi ra cn phi truyn cc thng tin ca tng im nh t b nh ra mn hnh. Con ngi cm nhn c hnh nh do tnh cht lu nh trn vng mc, khi mt hnh nh hin ri li tt vi tn s ln hn 25 ln/giy th mt ngi vn cm gic l hnh nh tn ti lin tc. Da trn hin tng trn, ngi ta xy dng nn phng php qut mnh hin th thng tin tnh v ng trn mn hnh. * Phng php qut mnh Hnh nh trn mn hnh c chia thnh mt s hu hn dng, tp hp cc dng to nn mt hnh gi l mt mnh. Trn mi mnh ch cn hin th mt s hu hn im c gi l pixel, nh vy pixel l n v nh nht ca hnh nh. hin th hnh nh, chng ta s hin th tng dng mt, sau khi hin th xong tt c cc dng ca mnh chng ta li lp li qu trnh trn. Nu c chia thnh s dng ln th mt ta s thy n l mn, v nu tn s hin th mnh ln th ta s cm thy hnh nh tn ti lin tc trn mn hnh ch khng phi l gin on.
* Nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca CRT c im ca cht hunh quang Cht khi ta bn mt chm tia in t vo, th bc x nh sng c bc sng nht nh - quyt nh mu sc pht ra c gi l cht hunh quang. Sau khi ngng tc ng ca chm tia in t cht hunh quang cng ngng pht ra nh sng sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, thi gian ny tu thuc vo cht hunh quang c th. Ngi ta chn nhng cht hunh quang c hiu sut pht quang cao, nh sng pht ra ph hp vi th gic ca con ngi ch to CRT. n hnh n hnh l mt chung thu tinh c rt chn khng, bn trong c cc b phn thc hin chc nng ca mt "sng in t" c iu khin c th bn trn ton mn hnh, theo tng dng ca mnh. Cng tia in t c iu ch bi tn hiu hnh nh. y chung thu tinh l mn hnh m chng ta cn hin th thng tin ln . Mt trong ca mn hnh c ph mt lp cht hunh quang. B phn iu khin tia in t qut trn mn hnh thng nm bn ngoi n hnh, l h thng li tia.
Sng in t Sng in t bao gm mt s b phn bn trong n hnh, c nhim v to ra mt chm tia in t mnh, chuyn ng nhanh bay ln p vo mt im ca lp hunh quang trn mn hnh, lm cho im pht sng. Sau y ta xt mt s b phn ca sng in t H thng li tia in t Gn c n hnh ngi ta t 2 cp cun dy song song vi nhau (2 cun li ngang v 2 cun li dc) v cho cc dng in c dng bin thin ph hp v tn s nht nh chy qua, t trng sinh ra tc ng ln cc tia in t lm chng lch hng theo quy lut ca dng in trong cc cun dy.
* Nguyn l tng hp mu sc v cu to n hnh mu Ph tn s ca nh sng - 3 mu c bn Khi phn tch chm ng sng trng, ngi ta thy rng n l t hp ca cc mu: (red), da cam, lc (green), lam (blue), ngi ta cng nghin cu v thy rng nu em 3 chm tia Red, Green, Blue trn li theo cc t l nht nh, th c th to ra cm gic ca tt c cc mu c trong thin nhin, chnh v vy 3 mu R, G, B c gi l 3 mu c bn. Thi k u ca cng ngh CRT mu, ngi ta b tr 3 ht mu trn nh ca mt tam gic u, cch b tr ny to cm gic mu tng hp tt nht nhng c nhc im l hiu sut n hnh thp v d sai mu v iu chnh ta theo 2 phng X v Y. Hng Sony a ra gii php b tr 3 ht mu nm trn ng thng ngang, ton mn hnh l mt ma trn gm cc hng v cc ct gia chng c cc gii phn cch trnh hin tng nho mu. Gii php ny thng c gi l cng ngh Trinitron, vi cng ngh ny s cm th mu tng hp khng tt bng tam gic mu, nhng hiu sut n hnh ln hn nhiu (khong 60% so vi 20%) do dng cao p gim. Ngoi ra vic hi t cng n gin hn nhiu. Cng ngh Trinitron gip gim gi thnh ca CRT v tng tin cy ln nhiu. Ngy nay, mn hnh ca cc tivi mu v cc my tnh u c ch to theo cng ngh ny.
* Lm ti hnh nh bng phng php DMA Hin th thng tin ln mn hnh l qu trnh hin hnh nh lp i lp li lin tc vi mt tn sut ln (lm ti hnh nh), mt khng cm thy hnh nh b lp lo. Trong my tnh thc cht l qu trnh chuyn ni dung ca b nh hin th ln mn hnh, vic ny c th thc hin bng phng php thm nhp trc tip b nh (DMA Direct Memory Access). Lm ti hnh nh bng phng php DMA, i hi h thng phi c n v iu khin DMAC (DMA Controller), mt cp b m dng (thng l mt phn ca n v iu khin mn hnh) v b nh hin th (l mt phn ca b nh trong ca h thng). Cp b m dng c s dng trong qu trnh chuyn s liu bng DMA gia b nh trong ca h thng v b phn hin th. Khi DMAC np s liu vo b m dng s 1, b m dng s 2 c np y trc ln lt y ni dung ca mnh ra b to nh. Thi gian b m dng y ht ni dung ra ngoi thng ln hn thi gian np y b m v tc chuyn DMA rt cao. Khi b m dng th 2 y ht ni dung ra ngoi th b m dng s 1 chc chn np y v qa trnh lm ti li tip tc.
* Cc chun mn hnh.
Chun VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) S mu: 256 Ma trn ch 9x14 phn gii mn hnh: 640x480 Dng b nh RAM lu d liu phng ch. Chun SVGA (Super VGA) S mu 32 bit (232) Ma trn ch 9x14 phn gii mn hnh 1024x768
Cc loi mn hnh
Mn hnh CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) - Mn hnh ng tia in t. Nguyn l hot ng ca mn hnh CRT c gii thiu trn, hin nay cc loi mn hnh CRT c tn s lm ti ph bin l 85 Hz, c ngha l mn hnh c lm ti 85 ln/giy. Tc lm ti nh lm mn hnh rung. a s cc mn hnh hin nay c tc lm ti khng c nh, n dao ng trong mt khong no . phn gii mn hnh s t l nghch vi tc lm ti. Chng hn phn gii 640x480 c tn s l 100Hz th phn gii 1024x768 c tn s l 60Hz.
Mn hnh LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Mn hnh LCD c cc loi sau: Ma trn th ng n sc, ma trn th ng mu, ma trn ng tng t mu, ma trn ng dng s. Trong mn hnh LCD ma trn th ng, mi c iu khin bi in tch ca 2 transistor xc nh bng v tr hng v ct trn mn hnh, s transistor nm theo chiu ngang v dc ca mn hnh xc nh phn gii MH. Chng hn phn gii 800x600 c 800 transistor trn cnh ngang v 600 transistor trn cnh dc. Vi LCD ma trn ng, mi c mt transistor pha sau tm hnh np in tch cho n v quay sng nh sng. phn gii 800x600 c 480.000 transistor. N cho hnh nh sng hn mn hnh ma trn th ng. Tuy nhin n tiu tn in nng v gi thnh t hn. Mn hnh tinh th lng c mt s u im sau: Tiu th t in nng (5w), sinh t nhit, tui th cao. Mn hnh phng, hu nh 100 % kch thc ca mn hnh l nhn thy c. Kch thc gn nh. Cho hnh nh c chnh xc cao, khng b nhiu, mo nh CRT. Nhc im ca LCD: LCD c nhiu hn ch v phn gii so vi CRT, gi thnh cao. sng yu, tng phn km CRT, vic to ra cc hnh nh ng, 3D km CRT.
Mt s tiu chun nh gi mt mn hnh tt: + phn gii (Resolution): Cho bit s lng cc im nh c th hin th trn mn hnh. + Gin cch im (Dot pitch): Khi nim ny ch dnh cho mn hnh mu, n ch khong cch gia cc b ba pht pho. +Tn s: Cc mn hnh a tn c di tn cng rng th cng a dng nhng cng t. Cc tn s qut dc v ngang ca Card mn hnh phi nm trong di tn m mn hnh h tr, di tn qut dc xc nh tnh n nh ca hnh nh, cc mn hnh hin nay thng c di tn trong khong 50Hz - 160 Hz v di tn qut ngang trong khong 31,5 KHz - 90 KHz. +Tc lm ti (Refresh rate): Tc qut dc, tc cng cao th hnh nh xut hin cng n nh v khng b nhy. Nhng c th lm cho phn cng video chy chm li v khi n phi hin th mi hnh nh nhiu ln hn trong 1 giy. +S mu: mn hnh c kh nng hin th cng nhiu mu th r v nt cng cao v hnh nh cng hin thc.
Video RAM L b nh ring c gn trn video card, dng lu tr hnh nh trong khi x l. Dung lng b nh xc nh phn gii, s mu ti a m n h tr. Cc video card trn th trng hin nay thng c dung lng 1MB, 2 MB, 4 MB, 8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB. Cch tnh dung lng RAM cn thit: Chng hn mn hnh c phn gii 1024 x 768 = 786432 im, mi im dng 4 bit nh (c th hin th 16 mu), ta c dung lng RAM ti thiu trn card nh sau: 786432 x 4 bit = 3145728 bits = 384 KB. Mt vn lin quan n video RAM l rng bus chipset ho vi video RAM, cc card cao cp thng c rng bus l 64/128 bits.
B kt ni Bus
Video card c thit k cm vo bng mch chnh thng qua cc khe cm: ISA/IESA/MCA/PCI/AGP. Hin nay hu nh ch cn hai chun PCI v AGP. Chun PCI: Cc video card PCI vi thit k Plup and Play, tng hiu nng hnh nh, i hi cu hnh khng cao. Chun AGP: AGP l loi bus chuyn dng cho video card, c tc 66 MHz, rng 32 bit, bus ny ch c trong cc h thng h tr AGP, ni khe cm AGP v North Bridge. Cc video card AGP c ni trc tip vi b nh chnh (thng qua cu ni bc), iu ny cho php card x l nhng phn t hnh nh 3D trc tip t b nh chnh thay v phi sao chp d liu ti video RAM trc khi x l. V vy, chun AGP tit kim c thi gian v b qua c nhng yu cu v nng cp b nh cho card h tr cc chc nng 3D tt hn. Tuy nhin, nng cp h thng s dng c AGP i hi chng ta phi thay bng mch chnh. V phi c mt h iu hnh ph hp h tr tnh nng DIME (Direct Memory Execute) ca AGP. Windows 98/2000 h tr tnh nng ny. AGP h tr 3 tc : 1x/2x/4x. AGP 1x l phin bn u tin chy tc 66MHz, hin nay AGP 1x c thay th bi 2x v 4x, 8x vi tc 133 MHz / 266 MHz. Microsoft tuyn b Windows 98/2000 i hi h thng h tr t AGP 2x tr ln. Card AGP 4x h tr nhanh nht cho cc tr chi 3D, n i hi bng mch chnh phin bn AGP 2.0.
Trnh iu khin Video Cc trnh iu khin video c thit k h tr b x l trong video card. Tt c cc video card u c cc hng sn xut cung cp trnh iu khin km theo. Hu ht cc hng sn xut video card chipset u c nhng trang Web m chng ta c th ti xung nhng trnh iu khin mi nht. Tt nht l chng ta s dng trnh iu khin ca chnh nh sn xut.
1.4. Nhn bit cc hng hc c lin quan Vn : Lm th no nhn bit mainboard, RAM, video card, mn hnh b hng
3. CHUT MOUSE 3.2. Cc loi giao din chut Chut thng c kt ni vi my tnh theo 3 giao din: Giao din ni tip. Giao din PS/2. Giao din USB Giao din ni tip: u cp ni chut l u ni c 9/25 . Hu ht cc my tnh c hai cng ni tip COM1 v COM2 v chut c th kt ni vo mt trong hai cng ny. Giao din PS/2: y l mt loi cng song song chuyn dng c sn trn bng mch chnh. B kt ni chut PS/2 ging ht b kt ni DIN6 ca bn phm. Giao din USB: Chut USB c th ni trc tip vi my tnh thng qua cng USB. Hin nay cn c loi chut khng dy, kt ni vi my tnh qua mt thit b hng ngoi chuyn tip tn hiu.
3.3. S c ca chut v cch gii quyt
* My in kim
Thay cho vic s dng b ch c sn nh my in dng, loi ny s dng mt u in, trong u in c mt s kim b tr thnh ct. Khi u in chuyn ng theo mt dng trn giy th cc kim trn ma trn ct s m xung giy, t hp kim no m xung ph thuc vo k t c in v ct no ca k t . Loi my in ny tc in nhanh nhng ch khng lin nt. Phn ln cc my in kim kiu mi u c kh nng in ho, cc my in kim c th in 1 ln 5 bn nh kp giy than, khi ta phi iu khin khong cch gia u in v giy. C th chn ch in, nhiu kiu ch, chn mt dng, chn mt ch, ... mt cch d dng.
* My in laser
S dng phng php chp hnh in t cc hnh nh bng ngun sng laser. My in laser l s pht trin tip theo ca ca my photocopy thng thng. y cc n v mt thu tinh ca my photocopy c thay bng mt chm tia laser qut c iu bin.
TM TT CHNG
Chng VIII trnh by cc kin thc v mn hnh, bn phm, chut v my in. V mn hnh c cc kin thc nguyn l hin th cc loi mn hnh CRT v LCD, cc cng ngh sn xut mn hnh v b iu hp mn hnh. i vi bn phm, c cc kin thc v nguyn l to m phm v cu to ca mt s loi bn phm. i vi thit b chut c cc ni dung v cu to v nguyn l hot ng. i vi my in c cc ni dung v nguyn l hot ng ca hai loi my in ch yu l my in kim v my in laser. Cc lu v hng hc vi my in v cch khc phc.
CHNG IX A T 1. CU TRC LU TR THNG TIN. Trong chng ny chng ta ch xem xt cc cu trc qun l a t theo quan nim ca BIOS, tc l cha chc phi l cu trc vt l thc s ca a m l thng s vt l c b iu khin a chuyn i (xem chng 7, phn a). Cu trc qun l vt l ca a t c m t nh sau: Nh vy n v qun l lu tr thng tin nh nht trn a t l sector vt l. Theo cch nh a ch trn ta thy rng mi sector s c xc nh a ch bng mt vector (H,C,S), vi H l a ch mt, C l a ch rnh, S l a ch ca sector trn rnh. Cc sector vt l c qun l bi cc th tc trong BIOS.
2. CU TRC QUN L A LOGIC CA H IU HNH DOS V WINDOWS 2.1 Phn khu a v Master Boot Mt a cng vt l c th phn chia lm nhiu vng, mi vng c th quy nh thnh mt a logic (nguyn tc phn chia cc vng a chng ta tm hiu chng 7). Mt sector vt l trn a t c dnh ra ghi cc thng s v cch phn chia, sector gi l Master Boot. Mt chng trnh nh khi ng a v thng s phn chia a c ghi trn Master Boot gi l Master Boot Record. Mi a cng c mt Master Boot Record, nm ngay sector s 1 ca mt s 0, t o s 0. Trong Master Boot Record c bng phn chia a. y chnh l ni ghi cc a ch vt l ca cc phn vng v a logic, cn thit cho cc dch v v a ca ngt 13H ca BIOS. BIOS kch hot chng trnh khi ng trong Master Boot Record. Chng trnh ny c bng phn chia a, bit phn khu no l phn khu ch ng, v truy nhp vo phn khu tm chng trnh khi ng ca h iu hnh (DOS Boot Record i vi MS-DOS v Windows).
2.2 a logic
Trn a logic c qun l bi h iu hnh MS-DOS (v cc h iu hnh tng thch vi n), cc sector c nh s a ch t 0 cho n ht s sector ca a ny, ta gi y l cc sector logic v a ch ca n l a ch logic. Mt a logic c h iu hnh chia lm 4 phn: DOS Boot: Phn ny c ng mt sector, nm sector logic a ch 0. FAT (File Allocation Table): Bng nh v tp, nm ngay sau sector 0. Root: Vng cha cc im truy nhp tp v th mc con ca th mc
gc.
Data: Vng cha ni dung tp v cc th mc con. Vng ny c t chc thnh cc n v cha d liu gi l lin cung (Cluster). Mi lin cung bao gm mt hoc nhiu sector, s lng sector trong lin cung ty thuc vo dung lng a, trn a mm 1.44 mi lin cung l mt sector. a ch lin cung c nh s t 2 cho n ht.
2.2.1. Dos Boot Record Bn ghi khi ng cha chng trnh khi ng my. Chng trnh c chng trnh khi ng ca Master Boot Record tm thy v c np ln a ch 7C00:0000 trong RAM v nm quyn iu khin my, sau n tm cc file cn thit khi ng. i vi MS-DOS, l IO.SYS; MSDOS.SYS v COMMAND.COM. i vi PCDOS th l cc file IBMBIO.COM; IBMDOS.COM v COMMAND.COM. i vi Windows 95 th l cc file IO.SYS; MSDOS.SYS v WINBOOT.SYS. Nu v mt l do no khng tm thy hoc khng c c cc file trn, chng trnh khi ng s bo li Non system disk or disk error... Trong bn ghi khi ng cn c cc thng tin khc l bng cc thng tin ca chnh phn khu ny, c gi l bng tham s a ca BIOS (Bios Parameter Block - BPB):
2.2.2. Bng nh v file (FAT) * Cu trc FAT FAT l mt dy cc nh dng lu tr a ch ca chui cc lin cung cha ni dung ca mt tp. ln cc nh ty thuc vo ta dng kiu FAT no trn a t. Nu ta dng FAT12 ln nh l 12 bit, FAT16 ln nh l 16 bit, FAT32 ln nh l 32 bit. Vi a dung lng ln ta nn dng FAT32, iu s nng cao c hiu sut lu tr trn a t. m bo an ton lu tr s c hai bng FAT ging nhau gi l FAT copy 1 v FAT copy 2. Khi cp nht a ch ca mt tp th c hai bng ny cng c cp nht, khi mt bng b hng th d liu ca bng th hai s c dng sa li. Nguyn tc hot ng ca FAT l nh x tuyn tnh a ch ca cc lin cung trong phn Data sang cc nh ca FAT. Nh vy mi lin cung s tng ng vi mt nh trong FAT, lin cung u tin c a ch 2 s tng ng vi nh th hai trong FAT, lin cung c a ch 3 tng ng vi nh th 3 trong FAT,...
* Chui a ch tp.
Mi tp lu tr trn a t u c mt im truy nhp (entry), im truy nhp ny nm trn th mc cha tp . Trong cu trc ca im truy nhp c dnh khng gian cha a ch u vo ca tp, chnh l lin cung u tin trong chui cc lin cung cha tp. Cc lin cung trong chui lin cung cha tp s c nh du bi cc nh tng ng ca n trong bng FAT. Cch nh du nh sau: nh tng ng ca lin cung s cha a ch ca lin cung k tip trong chui, nh ca lin cung cui cng s c mt k hiu kt thc tp (EOF End Of File).
3.2. Truy cp tp qua h iu hnh Bt c h iu hnh no cng cung cp cc kh nng cp nht a t. Ta xem xt mt s chc nng ch yu. * Xa tp. Khi xa tp trn a, h iu hnh ch ghi k hiu gii phng entry ca tp (m E5 Hexa) vo byte u tin trong bn ghi, sau xa ton b chui a ch ca tp trn FAT. Vi cch lm h iu hnh gii phng mt entry, bn ghi sn sng c s dng cho mt tp hoc mt th mc khc, ng thi gii phng lun chui nh trong FAT. Chui nh trong FAT c gii phng ng ngha vi vic gii phng cc lin cung tng ng, chng cng sn sng c dng cho nhng tp khc.
* Ghi tp, truy xut tp. Khi ghi to tp mi, h iu hnh s tm mt bn ghi cn trng (c th l trng hoc c m E5H byte u tin) lm entry cho tp tin , ng thi tm mt nh u tin cn trng trong FAT lm im bt u tp. Dung lng tp s c so snh vi s lng lin cung cn trng xem c ch trn a cho tp hay khng. Khi cp nht, truy xut mt tp tin c trn a, h iu hnh s cn c vo entry ca n v chui a ch tin hnh cp nht hoc truy xut.
BI TP THC HNH V CU HI. 9.1. Hy trnh by cu trc lu tr thng tin trn a t? Hy phn bit a ch vt l v a ch logic? a vt l v a logic? 9.2. Trnh by cc cu trc qun l tp trn a t ca h iu hnh MS-DOS v cc h iu hnh tng thch vi n. 9.3. Trnh by v nguyn l hot ng ca cc chc nng truy nhp tp, cp nht tp, xa tp. ng dng ca cc kin thc ny trong hot ng bo tr thng tin trn a t. 9.4. Trnh by nguyn l ca hot ng dn a, tm cc tp b lc, cc tp b lin kt cho. Thc hnh cc phn mm ng dng c chc nng dn a, tm tp b lac v lin kt cho.