Group 4

Parimah Heshmati (KGE110018) Ammar Ali Mohammad Qaffaf (KGE110019) Ibrahim Nabeel Mohammed Ali (KGE110017) Suleiman G. Hussain Hewadi (KGE110010) Abdallah Shaadh Rahman (KGE110033)

Real life Example from Malaysia

Wireless Sensor Network

From Theory To Practice

Introduction

Architecture

Example

Introduction

What is a Network Sensor?

The Future is Here

Wireless Sensor Networks have been identified as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century. More than 800 Million Sensor to be deployed in 23 years

At least 10K devices are currently deployed in Malaysia, with plans to reach millions in the next few years.
Devices cost should be very cheap to help deploying Wireless Sensors everywhere Development of low power radio and advanced low-power embedded microcontrollers

Network Design
Sensor Node Interface electronics, radio and microcontroller

Server

Water pressure Sensor

Mote

Communications barrier

Gateway

Internet

Focus on the Device

Main Components and Characteristics:
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Operating Electrical characteristics: Low power consumption (Small size Battery should be able to operate the device for up to 5 years) Voltage Range Operating Current, Power States and wake-up times Input /Output: Digital Only vs. On-chip ADC Peripheral Support Physical Size Environmental compatible (rain, heat, humidity..etc.)

Physical Unit

Operating System
less complex than general-purpose operating systems. More strongly resemble embedded systems low costs and low power due to low-power microcontrollers

Specialized OS:
TinyOS: The first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. LiteOS: New OS for wireless sensor networks, which provides UNIX-like abstraction and support for the C programming language.
Wireless Sensor Network Operating Systems are : 1. Based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading 2. When an external event occurs, such as an incoming data packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS signals the appropriate event handler to handle the event. Event handlers can post tasks that are scheduled by the TinyOS kernel some time later.

Programming the Wireless Sensor

* \param adc Pointer to ADC module. * \param ch_mask ADC channel mask. * \param result Conversion result from ADC channel. */ static void adc_handler(ADC_t *adc, uint8_t ch_mask, adc_result_t result) { uint32_t temperature;

/* Compute current temperature in kelvin, based on the factory calibration measurement of the temperature sensor. The calibration has been done at 85 degrees Celsius, which corresponds to 358 kelvin. */ temperature = (uint32_t)result * 358; temperature /= tempsense;
// Store temperature in global variable. last_temperature = temperature & 0xffff; // Start next conversion. adc_start_conversion(adc, ch_mask); } int main(void) { struct adc_config adc_conf; struct adc_channel_config adcch_conf; board_init(); sysclk_init(); pmic_init(); cpu_irq_enable();

Architecture

Technical Appreciation

Focus on the Network

The power of wireless sensor networks lies in the ability to deploy large numbers of tiny nodes that assemble and configure themselves. Usage scenarios for these devices range from real-time tracking, to monitoring of environmental conditions, to metering utilities (water and electricity) to monitoring of the health of structures or equipment. While often referred to as wireless sensor networks, they can also control actuators that extend control from cyberspace into the physical world (The Internet of Things).

Advantages
1. Wireless sensor nodes need to communicate with their local peers. 2. They dont rely on a pre-deployed infrastructure. 3. Each individual sensor or actuator becomes part of the overall infrastructure. 4. Peer-to-peer networking protocols provide a mesh-like interconnect to shuttle data between the thousands of tiny embedded devices in a multi-hop fashion. 5. Support new nodes or expand to cover a larger geographic region. Can automatically adapt to compensate for node failures.

The Concept
The concept of wireless sensor networks is based on a simple equation:

Sensing + CPU + Radio = Thousands of potential applications

As soon as people understand the capabilities of a wireless sensor network, hundreds of applications come to mind.

Key Parameters
Lifetime : each node should manage its local supply of energy to maximize total network lifetime. Coverage : Cover a large physical area. Response time Immediately deliver high-priority messages Temporal Accuracy : Samples from multiple nodes must be cross-correlated to understand natural phenomenon. Security Temperature and light data can be used to extract building use and activities to plan a strategic or physical attack on a company. Effective sample rate : 1-2 samples/minute to 1 sample/day depending on the application. Cost and ease of deployment

Lifetime:
The energy supply is one of the primary limiting causes for the lifetime of a sensor network.

Each node must be designed to manage its local supply of energy in order to maximize total network lifetime. Generally the minimum node lifetime is more important than the average node lifetime. In the case of wireless security systems, every node should last for several years. A vulnerability in the security systems is likely to happen if a single node experience a failure.

Coverage:
It is always better to have the ability to deploy a network over a larger physical area. This can significantly increase a systems value to the end user. It is important to keep in mind that the coverage of the network is not equal to the range of the wireless communication links being used. The coverage of the network could be extended well beyond the range of the radio technology alone by using Multihop communication techniques. In theory they have the ability to extend network range indefinitely. However, for a given transmission range, multi-hop networking protocols increase the power consumption of the nodes, which may decrease the network lifetime. Additionally, they require a minimal node density, which may increase the deployment cost.

Cost and ease of deployment

A key advantage of wireless sensor networks is their ease of deployment. Biologists and construction workers installing networks cannot be expected to understand the underlying networking and communication mechanisms at work inside the wireless network. For system deployments to be successful, the wireless sensor network must configure itself. It must be possible for nodes to be placed throughout the environment by an untrained person and have the system simply work. Ideally, the system would automatically configure itself for any possible physical node placement. However, real systems must place constraints on actual node placements , it is not possible to have nodes with infinite range. The wireless sensor network must be capable of providing feedback as to when these constraints are violated.

Response time
Despite low power operation, nodes must be capable of having immediate, high-priority messages communicated across the network as quickly as possible. While these events will be infrequent, they may occur at any time without notice. Response time is also critical when environmental monitoring is used to control factory machines and equipment. Many users envision wireless sensor networks as useful tools for industrial process control. These systems would only be practical if response time guarantees could be met. Response time can be improved by including nodes that are powered all the time. These nodes can listen for the alarm messages and forward them down a routing backbone when necessary. This, however, reduces the ease of deployment for the system.

Temporal Accuracy
In environmental and tracking applications, samples from multiple nodes must be cross-correlated in time in order to determine the nature of phenomenon being measured. The necessary accuracy of this correlation mechanism will depend on the rate of propagation of the phenomenon being measured. In the case of determining the average temperature of a building, samples must only be correlated to within seconds. However, to determine how a building reacts to a seismic event, millisecond accuracy is required.
To achieve temporal accuracy, a network must be capable of constructing and maintaining a global time base that can be used to chronologically order samples and events.

Security
Despite the seemingly harmless nature of simple temperature and light information from an environmental monitoring application, keeping this information secure can be extremely important. Significant patterns of building use and activity can be easily extracted from a trace of temperature and light activity in an office building. In the wrong hands, this information can be exploited to plan a strategic or physical attack on a company. Wireless sensor networks must be capable of keeping the information they are collecting private from eavesdropping. Use of encryption and cryptographic authentication costs both power and network bandwidth. Extra computation must be performed to encrypt and decrypt data and extra authentication bits must be transmitted with each packet. This impacts application performance by decreasing the number of samples than can be extracted from a given network and the expected network lifetime.

Effective sample rate

In a data collection network, effective sample rate is a primary application performance metric. We define the effective sample rate as the sample rate that sensor data can be taken at each individual sensor and communicated to a collection point in a data collection network. Fortunately, environmental data collection applications typically only demand sampling rates of 1-2 samples per minute. However, in addition to the sample rate of a single sensor, we must also consider the impact of the multi-hop networking architectures on a nodes ability to effectively relay the data of surrounding nodes.

EXAMPLE

From Here from Malaysia!

The Problem
By 2025, two thirds of the world's population will have insufficient water, every year 32 billion cubic meters of treated water is lost from urban water supplies. In Malaysia, the issue of non-revenue water (NRW) is still at a shocking level of 36.6% - 40%. Non revenue water (NRW) is water that has been produced and is lost before it reaches the customer. Losses can be : 1. real losses; through leaks, sometimes also referred to as physical losses (75%-80%) 2. apparent losses; for example through theft or metering inaccuracies (20%-25%)

Malaysias Major Players

Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS) was established to undertake the privatization of water supply services in the State of Selangor and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. SYABAS is targeting an overall leakage reduction from 39Ml/d to 29 Ml/d, representing a 25% saving. All the District Metered Areas (DMAs). had Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) installed, which were previously set to either fixed outlet or modulated control. The contract was awarded to Jular Cahaya Sdn. Bhd. and their UK partner I2OWater, phase 1 was deployed in 2011 with target of 10.5 Million Liters per Day leakage reduction.

The Benefits of Pressure Management

1. Leakage reduction 2. Burst reduction 3. Pressure smoothing 4. Improvements in water efficiency 5. Better customer service 6. Lower capital maintenance - increased life of main

I2O Water System

The i2O system continuously controls the pressure of water going into a District Meter Area (DMA) or pressure managed Zone

Under all demand conditions, the Average Zone Pressure (AZP) is kept to the minimum necessary to meet consumers' legitimate requirements

The aim of Advanced Pressure Management is: keep P3 as stable as possible P3 just above P3ref ( is set by SYABAS usually between 15m and 25m)

Main Components

In Malaysia, the project is seeing an average leak reduction of 20%. On a typical districts metering area, comprising say, 2,000 properties, were seeing reductions of around about 60 to 80 cubic metres per day.

I2O Architecture

The controller communicates with the i2O system server on a scheduled basis using a secure protocol over the GSM network. During each communication, the latest logged pressure, flow and temperature data is uploaded to the server and optimized control parameters are downloaded to the controller A sensor at the critical point also sends the latest P3 data to the i2O system server over the GSM network on a scheduled basis

Remote sensor
They are installed on the network to monitor critical points Continuously record the pressure data and store it in the memory before transmitting it to I2O server by using the built-in GPRS modem Both the controller and remote sensors can send alarms by SMS, GPRS, email or embedded in log files, depending upon the severity of the alarm The sensors are battery powered with a predicted life of five years under normal use. Claim to have industry-leading precision of 0.01% and are extremely robust and waterproof (IP68 down to 4 m).

I2O Controller
Continuously adjust the Average Zone Pressure (AZP) Record the data required to update the control algorithm The stored data is in the controller's memory is transmitted on a user-defined scheduled basis, typically daily, to the i2O server, using the built-in GPRS modem. if the GSM network is not available, the data can be downloaded manually to a PC or other handheld device using the controller's built-in Bluetooth interface

The Solution
The system comprises a controller, which is an electronic device, which interfaces with the pressure reducing valve which controls the pressures in the districts. Theres also a remote sensor or remote sensors which again are electronic devices, monitoring pressures. These devices communicate over the internet to a centralised server. The server processes their data, learns the relationships between pressures and flows, and sends instructions back down to the controller. The controller uses these instructions to continuously adjust the pressure reducing valve, to vary the pressure constantly during the day, to maintain the minimum possible optimum pressures in the network.

The Solution
The devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us was energy because these devices are fitted in chambers in the ground, in the roads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and weve got to run these devices for, typically, five years. So , the devices have a key requirement for minimum power consumption. They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of a D-cell battery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures through (RPST) or Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology. The devices are recording the data and then connecting to the internet through the GPRS connection and transferring the data only when they need to. The control device also has to control the PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires minimum power consumption to make the changes.

The Solution
The devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us was energy because these devices are fitted in chambers in the ground, in the roads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and weve got to run these devices for, typically, five years. So , the devices have a key requirement for minimum power consumption. They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of a D-cell battery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures through (RPST) or Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology. The devices are recording the data and then connecting to the internet through the GPRS connection and transferring the data only when they need to. The control device also has to control the PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires minimum power consumption to make the changes.

The Solution
The devices are really mini computers. The biggest challenge for us was energy because these devices are fitted in chambers in the ground, in the roads. Theres no opportunity to fit a solar cell and weve got to run these devices for, typically, five years. So , the devices have a key requirement for minimum power consumption. They run from a single battery which is roughly twice the size of a D-cell battery, and that device is then monitoring the pressures through (RPST) or Resistive Pressure Sensing Technology. The devices are recording the data and then connecting to the internet through the GPRS connection and transferring the data only when they need to. The control device also has to control the PRVs through a special valve. The valve also requires minimum power consumption to make the changes.

The Solution

Questions, Please.

Thank you

References

Determination of Non Revenue Water through District Meter Area, Inawati Binti Othman, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, April 2012 www.i2owater.com