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OUTLINE

What is energy storage technology Introduction Operation of FES Calculation of stored energy Benefits Applications Advantage & disadvantage

WHAT IS ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLGY ?

Energy Storage technologies produce no net energy, but can provide electric power over limited periods of time.
Applications : Its presence in a system can eliminate the voltage swings caused by rapid changes in load, spare system hardware from large transient currents, decrease demand charges, damp oscillations.

THREE COMPONENT AFFECTING COST

The cost of any electrical energy storage system has three components, one due to the amount of energy stored, one due to the power at which it must be discharged, and one from the balance of systems. These are nearly independent.

Contd
In the case of flywheels, the first is the flywheel rotor, the second includes the motor generator elements and the power electronics, and the third includes the cabinet, cooling system and other ancillary systems. Energy wheels are optimized for long discharge time, and power wheels are optimized for short discharge time.

INTRODUCTION

Flywheel energy storage systems store kinetic energy by constantly spinning a compact rotor in a low-friction environment. . When short-term back-up power is required, the rotor's inertia allows it to continue spinning and the resulting kinetic energy is converted to electricity.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FES SYSTEM

OPERATION
"no-break" system, metal flywheel connected to motor & generator. Input is available : machine operates in motor mode as a synchronous conditioner. Input unavailable : synchronous machine operates as generator using flywheels kinetic energy to supply output voltage. Regulation system maintains output voltage in spite of drop in flywheel speed.

FES IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM


FOUR BENEFITS:

Stabilize voltage for power users Improve generator fuel efficiency Reduce generator emissions Increase generator service life

STEP INCREASE/DECREASE OF LOAD AT DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

CALCULATION OF STORED ENERGY


Stored energy = sum of kinetic energy of individual mass elements that comprise the flywheel Kinetic Energy = 1/2*I*w2 where I = moment of inertia w = rotational velocity I = k*M*R2 Inertial constants for different shapes: Wheel loaded at rim (bike tire); k = 1 Solid disk of uniform thickness; k = etc.

BENEFIT OF FES SYSTEM OVER OTHER BATTERIES


The design life for a flywheel is typically about 20 years, while most batteries in UPS applications will only last 3 to 5 years. Frequent cycling has little impact on flywheel life. In contrast, frequent cycling significantly reduces battery life. Flywheels avoid battery safety issues associated with chemical release. Flywheel reliability is 5 to 10 times greater than a single battery string or about equal to two battery strings operating in parallel.

COST ANALYSIS

APPLICATIONS
Peak power buffer In distribution network UPS system Aerospace application Electric cars Rail electrification Pulse power Wind turbines

ADVANTAGE

Reliability Longer life Reduction of Required Maintenance Does Not Require a Temperature Controlled Environment Lower Life-Cycle Costs Lower mass/KW output 85-95% round trip efficiency Greater peak load capability

DISADVANTAGE

Low specific energy Safety concerns Less mature technology than chemical batteries Tensile strength of a flywheel High cost

FES AS GREEN TECHNOLOGY


The primary method used today for frequency regulation is to ramp fossil fuel power plants up and down, producing significant emissions. Flywheels will provide more reliable regulation, while generating zero direct emissions. This would dramatically reduce CO2 emissions, as shown in the chart at right, based on a study funded by the DOE.

ENCLOSURE
The fast rotation of flywheel rotors is suitable for direct generation of high voltage. This flywheel technology is scalable and larger machines can be constructed for the applications of e.g. stabilizing the electric grid.

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