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ARCHAEA

Kuliah III: Keanekaragaman Mikrobia (Archea)


See Prescott 5th Edn., Ch 20.

The Universal Phylogenetic Tree of Life

BACTERIA

EUKARYOTES

ARCHAEA

LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor

Progenote (Origin of Life; >3.85Bn years ago)

What are Archaea?


Archaea :

Prokaryota Mikroorganisme bersel Tunggal Morfologi seperti bakteri (batang, cocci dan bntk lain) Tidak mempunyai membran inti Fisiologi beranekaragam (seperti bakteri): kemoautotrof, heterotrof (organotrof); aerob dan anaerob; psikrofil, mesofil dan termofil

Pada aras molekular, Archaea memiliki struktur dan sistem tang kadang-kadang spt bakteria, kadang-kadang spt eukaryota dan bahkan unique.

Keuniqan sifat Archaea


Dinding sel mempunyai lapisan protein S (gram -ve), Pseudomurien Tdk ada peptidoglikan spt pada bacteria (tdk mempunyai asam muramat, asam Damino) Membran sel berbeda dari eubakteri Memiliki ikatan ether pada lapisan lipid monolayer

Keuniqan sifat Archaea


Metanogenesis Mensinthesis metana dari H2 and CO2. CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O Melalui lintasan metabolik komplex dengan kofaktor unique (not found in any other organism) TCA Cycle Beberapa Archaea tidak mempunyai daur TCA lengkap,. Glycolysis Glucose tdk didegradasi melalui lintasan metabolik Embden Meyerhof pathway tetapi modifikasi Entner-Douderoff

Archaeal Phyla
Archaea terbagi menjadi 3 [or 4] phyla

Crenarchaeotes (ermasuk hipertermofil dan sebagian besar ada di dalam laut yg belum diketahui pasti dan terrestrial (mesofil dan psikrofil) Euryarchaeotes (semua methanogen, halofil ekstrim, sulphate reducers, dan termoasidofil tergantung S)

Summary of Archaeal Groups


Phylum Physiological Group Characteristics
Grow at 70 120oC, pH 4-7 Mostly obligate anaerobes, chemoautotrophic
Grow at 60 85oC pH 1-4 Aerobes, autotrophic and heterotrophic Unknown (some are symbionts)

Example genera

Crenarchaeo ta

Hyperthermophilic neutrophiles and acidophiles


Thermoacidophiles

Thermoproteus Pyrolobus Ignicoccus


Sulfolobus Metallosphaera Acidianus
Cenarchaeum

Low temperature group

Euryarchaeo ta

Methanogens

All temperatures, neutrophilic, obligate anaerobes, CH4 production


Mesophiles; neutrophiles and alkaliphiles, aerobic, heterotrophic; 1535% NaCl

Methanothermus Methanococcus Methanobacterium Methanospirrilum


Halococcus Halobacteriom Natronococcus

Extreme halophiles

Phylum
Euryarchaeota

Physiological Group Characteristics


Thermoplasmas Grow at 60 70oC, pH 0-5; Lack a cell wall Grow at 70 113oC Neutrophilic, Obligate anaerobes; Heterotrophic, reduce sulphide- to So Unknown Parasitic on hyperthermophilic archaea (Ignicoccus); very small genome, missing most central C metabolism

Example genera
Thermoplasma Picrophilus Thermococcus Pyrococcus

Sulphur metabolising hyperthermophiles

Korarchaeota Nanoarchaea (uncertain may be very deep branch of Thermococcales)

Hyperthermophiles Hyperthermophilic parasites

No known isolates

Nanoarchaeum equitans

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