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mE
k =
If we draw another sphere E+dE then the volume of the shell between these two spheres will be
dk k dV
2
4H =
The number of quantum states found in this volume of momentum space is
dk k
V
V
dk k
dE E g
2
2 3
2
2 ) 2 (
4
) (
H
=
H
H
=
For free particle, dk
m
k
dE
m
k
E
2 2 2
;
2
= =
E
m V
dE
mE m V
dE E g
2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
) (
|
.
|
\
|
H
=
H
=
E
m V
E g
2
3
2 2
2
2
) (
|
.
|
\
|
H
=
Including corrections for spin, we see that since only the volume appears, the same DOS would be obtained
for a 3D system of any shape.
Therefore,
Nanostructures Research Group
CENTER FOR SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS RESEARCH
5
Maxwell Boltzmann
Particles are identifiable
and distinguishable
The number of particles is
constant
The total Energy is constant
Spin is ignored
Fermi Dirac
Particles are indistinguishable
Particles obey Pauli principle
Each state can have only one
particle.
Each particle has one half spin
Bose Einstein
Particles are indistinguishable
Particles do not obey Pauli
principle
Each state can have more than
one particle, like phonons and
photons
Particles have integral spin
E
1
E
2
E
3
.... E
N
Energy levels
N
1
N
2
N
3
N
N
# of particles
N
1
E
1
N
2
E
2
N
3
E
3
. N
N
E
N
Energy in each level
U E N
N N
i
i
i
i
i
=
=
The distribution which has the maximum probability of occurrence is one which can be realized
in a maximum number of statistically independent ways. This is analogous to putting
numbered objects into a set of numbered containers.
Start with two boxes #1, #2.Let us denote Q(N1,N2) as the number of statistically independent
ways of putting N1+N2 objects in two boxes such that one of them contains N1 and the other
N2 objects.
N1 N2
! 2 ! 1
)! 2 1 (
) 2 1 ( ) 2 , 1 (
1
N N
N N
N N N N Q
N
C
+
= + =
Section 1.2 The Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution
Nanostructures Research Group
CENTER FOR SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS RESEARCH
6
[
=
=
n
i
i
N
N
Nn N N N Q
1
!
) .. ,......... 3 , 2 , 1 (
! 2 ! 1
)! 2 1 (
) 2 1 ( ) 2 , 1 (
1
V V
V V
V V V V Q
V
C
+
= + =
! 2 ! 1 ! 1
!
) 2 , 1 ( * ) 2 , 1 ( ) 2 , 1 , 1 (
V V N
N
V V Q N N Q V V N Q = =
Suppose now that the second container is divided into 2
compartments containing v1 and v2 objects. Thus
N2=v1+v2.
We may think of this as having 3 distinct distributions of N1,V1 and V2 objects. In that case,
Generalizing this expression, we get,
Modeling Degeneracy Now if each of the containers were actually a group of containers, say gi,
then there will be an additional g
i
Ni
ways of distributing these N
i
particles among the g
i
containers. Thus the
total number of ways will be modified according as,
i
N
n
i
i
n
i
i
g
N
N
Nn N N N Q
[
[
=
=
=
1
1
!
) .. ,......... 3 , 2 , 1 (
const U E N
const N N
i
i
i
i
i
= =
= =
c
c
+ =
c
c
n
i
i i i
j
n
i
i i
j j
N N N
N
g N
N
Q
N
1 1
) ln ( ln 0 ln
) ln( ln ln ] 1 1 [ln ln
j
j
j j j j
N
g
N g N g = = + =
0 ln
1 1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
n
i
i i
j
n
i
i
j j
N E
N
N
N
Q
N
| o
T k
E
E
j
j
j
E
j j j
j
j
j
j
j
B
j
j
j
e e e e
g
N
E f
e g N E
g
N
E
N
g
or
+
= = =
= + =
= + +
o
|
o
| o
| o
| o
) (
) ln(
0 ) ln( ,
This particular energy distribution obtained under the
classical assumption of identifiable particles without
considering Pauli principle, is called Maxwell Boltzmann
Distribution., can be expressed in terms of total number
of particles.
T K
E
n
j
j
T K
E
n
j
j
n
j
j
B
j
B
j
e g
N
e
e g e N N
= =
=
= =
1
1 1
o
o
If the energy levels are packed very closely, we can
replace the summation by an integral and so,
dE e E g
N
e dE e E g e dE E N N
T K
E
T K
E
B
B
}
} }
= = =
) (
) ( ) (
o o
Nanostructures Research Group
CENTER FOR SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS RESEARCH
8
Fermi Dirac Distribution: In this case since the particles are indistinguishable, there is only one way of
distributing them among the two boxes. Therefore, Q(N1,N2)=1. Now along with this there are other
constraints like the conservation of particles and Total energy.
N1 N2
const U E N
const N N
i
i
i
i
i
= = = +
= = = u
= +
Now the N
i
particles can have N
i
! Permutations and yet not give rise
to any new arrangement as they are indistinguishable. Therefore we
have to divide the number of possible ways of distributing the
particles by this amount.
[
=
=
n
i
i i i
i
n
N g N
g
N N N N Q So
1
3 2 1
)! ( !
!
) ,....... , , ( ,
Now we proceed in the standard fashion, by applying
Stirlings approximation to lnQ, and then using the
method of Lagrange multipliers to maximize Q.
T K E E
j
j
j
E
j
j
B
E
j
j
B f j
j
j
e
g
N
E f
e
g
N
T K
e
N
g
Solving
/ ) (
) (
) (
1
1
) (
1
1
1
; 1 ) ( ,
+
+
+
= =
+
=
= + =
| o
| o
|
Now we impose the other restrictions like
conservation of particles and total energy of the
system and obtain the other two functions to apply the
Lagrange method.
Section 1.3 The Fermi Dirac Distribution
Now if the energy levels crowd in a continuum, then
T K E E
B f
e
/ ) (
j j
1
g(E)dE
g(E)f(E)dE N(E)dE
g(E)dE g and N(E)dE, N
+
= =
= =
The Fermi energy is a function of
temperature and also depends upon the
DOS of the system
Nanostructures Research Group
CENTER FOR SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS RESEARCH
9
Bose Einstein Distribution: Consider an array of N
i
particles and (g
i
-1) partitions needed to divide
them into g
i
groups. The number of ways of permuting N
i
particles among g
i
levels equals the number of
ways of permuting objects and partitions. i.e. (N
i
+g
i
-1)!. Now the particles and the partitions are
indistinguishable, the number of ways of permuting them is
[
=
+
=
n
i
i i
i i
BE
g N
g N
Nn N N Q
1
1 1
)! 1 ( !
)! 1 (
) ......... , (
Now we impose the other restrictions like
conservation of particles and total energy of the
system and obtain the other two functions to apply the
Lagrange method.
Now we proceed in the standard fashion, by applying
Stirlings approximation to lnQ, and then using the
method of Lagrange multipliers to maximize Q.
1
1
) (
1
1
1
; 1 ) ( ,
/
) (
) (
= =
=
= =
+
+
o
| o
| o
|
e e
g
N
E f
e
g
N
T K
e
N
g
Solving
T K E
j
j
j
E
j
j
B
E
j
j
B j
j
j
The solution for the case where the total number of
particles is not conserved, but only the energy is
conserved can easily be obtained by setting =0
Section 1.4 The Bose Einstein Distribution
Nanostructures Research Group
CENTER FOR SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS RESEARCH
10
Applications: Maxwell Boltzmann statistics of an ideal gas
We now discuss the properties of an ideal gas of free particles, for which
E
m V
E g
2
3
2 2
2
2
) ( |
.
|
\
|
H
=
0
) (
o
and the integral is evaluated as a gamma function as,
2
3
2
2
3
2 2
0
2
3
2 2
0
2
3
2 2
0
)
2
(
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
) (
T mK V
N
e
T mK V
du e u
T mK V
I
dE e E
m V
dE e E g I
B
B u B
T K
E
T K
E
B B
H
=
H
|
.
|
\
|
H
= |
.
|
\
|
H
=
|
.
|
\
|
H
= =
}
} }
o
To summarize, the MB distribution function for an ideal
gas is
T K
E
B
B
e
T mK V
N
E f
H
=
2
3
2
)
2
(
2
) (
The distribution of particle density with energy is given by
dE e E
T K
N
dE e E
T K
N
dE E N
dE e
T mK V
N
E
m V
dE E f E g dE E N
T K
E
B
T K
E
B
T K
E
B
B B
B
H
H
=
H
H
=
H
|
.
|
\
|
H
= =
2
3
) (
2
)
4
(
4
) (
)
2
(
2
2
2
) ( ) ( ) (
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2 2
} }
}
} }
T K U
B
2
3
>= <
Thus the average energy of the
particles of the system is given by,
Nanostructures Research Group
CENTER FOR SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS RESEARCH
11
Applications, contd : Our aim is to derive the equations of state for an ideal Boltzmann gas from the
dynamical properties and from the distribution. For this purpose, we need to convert the energy distribution
function into a velocity distribution, using the relation, ,for free particles and parabolic
dispersion. Now we have,
dv e v
T K
m
N mvdv ve
m
T K
N
dv v N
mvdv dE
T K
mv
B
T K
mv
B
B B
2 2 2
2
2
3
2
2
3
)
2
( 4
2
) (
2
) (
,
H
H =
H
H
=
=
m
k
mv E
2 2
1
2 2
2
= =
This distribution expresses the # of
particles whose velocities lie in the
range v and v+dv.
Since,
We have,
x
T K
v m
B
x x
z y x
T K
v v v m
B
z y x z y x
dv e
T K
m
N dv v N
dv dv dv e
T K
m
N dv dv dv v v v N
B
x
B
z y x
2
) (
2
) (
2
2
1
2 2 2
2
3
)
2
( ) (
)
2
( ) , , (
+ +
H
=
H
=
z y x
dv dv dv dv v = H
2
4
The above derived distributions are equilibrium
distributions : If we apply an external field, they
will change shape.
Applications Fermi Dirac Distribution 3D SYSTEM
The DOS is given by
E
m V
E g
2
3
2 2
2
2
) ( |
.
|
\
|
H
=
+
= |
.
|
\
|
H
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
H
= = =
}
} }
\
|
H
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
H
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
H
= =
}
} }
} }
} }