Bio Medical Optics

By D.Jayakumar M.Sc., M.Tech., Optical Engineer Research & Development Division (Optics and Laser) Click to edit Master Appasamy Associates, Chennai, India. subtitle style

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Radii of surfaces (mm) Anterior cornea Posterior cornea Anterior lens Posterior lens 7 . 80 6 . 50 10 . 20 - 6 . 00

Properties of Human Eye

Refractive indices Cornea Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor 1 . 3771 1 . 3374 1 . 4200 1 . 3360

Optical Power 3/18/12

Role of Optics

Replacement for Nature Intra Ocular Lenses for CATRACT Diagnosing tool Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal diseases

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Cataract

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Definition of cataract
Opacity of the lens, which occurs when fluid gathers between the lens fibers. When eyes work properly: Light passes through the cornea and the pupil to the lens. The lens focuses light & producing clear, sharp images on the retina. As a cataract develops, the lens becomes clouded, which scatters the light and prevents a sharply defined image from reaching retina. As a result, vision becomes blurred.

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HOW DOES A CATARACT AFFECT VISION?

Simulated Cataract Vision

Simulated Normal Vision

Gradually, vision becomes dimmer Objects lose their 3/18/12 color

Photos courtesy of the National Eye Institute

Who gets CATRACT? And Difficulty

Almost everyone sooner or later but half of all people between the ages of 40s and 50s. Younger people too!!! Certain diseases such as diabetes. Personal behavior such as smoking and alcohol use. The environment such as prolonged exposure to sunlight.

Difficulty

Seeing in the distance or reading. Distinguishing road signs and Driving at night
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DETECTING A CATARACT

Visual acuity test Slit lamp examination

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Visual acuity test

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Slit lamp examination

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TODAYS CATARACT SURGERY

Greatly improved technology Usually no hospital stay or long recovery period Safer, faster and more comfortable than ever The clouded natural lens is removed A man-made lens is inserted The new lens is an intraocular lens (IOL)
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THE CATARACT PROCEDURE

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Replacement for Nature Intra Ocular Lenses

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Design Objective

Multifocal lens for Near, Middle and Far Vision. Induce negative Spherical Aberrations with the lens to compensate for positive corneal Spherical Aberrations Aspheric Optics. Apodization for Glare and Halo reduction

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The Problem Spherical Optics

Marginal Rays Light Rays Spherical Aberratio n

Spherical IOL

Paraxial Rays

*Smith, G., Atchinson D.A., (1997) The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 667.

Spherical aberration occurs when light rays are over-refracted at the periphery of a 17 3/18/12 system, lens

The Solution Aspheric Optics

Aspheric IOL

Light Rays Aspheri c Surface

*Smith, G., Atchinson D.A., (1997) The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 667.

Aspheric optics align the light rays to compensate for positive corneal spherical aberration, resulting in 18 3/18/12 enhanced image quality.

Anatomy of the Apodized Diffractive Technology

13.0 mm Anterior Apodized Diffractive Optic Symmetric Biconvex

6.0 mm

6.0 mm

Anterior Aspheric Optic 3/18/12 19

Anatomy of the Apodized Diffractive Technology

Central 3.6 mm apodized diffractive structure Step heights decrease peripherally from 1.3 0.2 microns Outer refractive zone

Anterior aspheric optic 3/18/12

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Apodization

Gradual reduction or blending of the diffractive step heights. Optimally manages light energy delivered to the retina as it distributes the appropriate amount 3/18/12

1.3 micron step

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Technology of the AcrySof ReSTOR IOL in Human Terms

Thickness of a Human Hair = 60 microns Thickness of a Red Blood Cell = 7 microns

22

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AcrySof ReSTOR Aspheric IOL (SN6AD3) Specifications

OPTICS
Multifocal Apodized Diffractive Optic Aspheric Optic Proprietary Symmetric Biconvex 6.0 mm 13.0 mm

13.0 mm

Compensation for Positive Corneal Spherical Aberration Optic Type Optic Diameter Overall Length

6.0 mm Optic/Haptic Material

Light Filtration

MATERIAL

AcrySof Hydrophobic Acrylic UV and High-Energy Blue

DESIGN
IOL Design Haptic Design Single-Piece STABLEFORCE Modified-L

SPECIFICATIONS
Diopter Range +10 D +30 D in 0.5 D increments +31 D +34 D in 1.0 D increments

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Diagnosing tool Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

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Ophthalmology

OCT in non-invasive diagnostics

Functional imaging

Dermatology

diagnosing retinal diseases. skin diseases, early detection of skin cancers. vulnerable plaque detection. gastroenterology gynecology

Doppler OCT (blood flow) spectroscopic OCT (absorption, high speed) optical properties Polarization Sensitive-OCT (birefringence).

Cardio-vascular diseases

Endoscopy (fiber-optic devices)

Guided surgery

delicate procedures

Embryology/Developmen tal biology

brain surgery, knee surgery

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Optical Coherence Tomography

Measuring the echo time delay and magnitude of backscattered light. Non-invasive threedimensional imaging technique with the resolution of 1-15 m

x i a l ( Z - a x is ) s c a n
A SCAN

l a t e r a l ( X s c a n n i n g m i r r o r
B SCAN

n e

g a t iv e

l e n

video monitor

p h
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o t o

d e t e c t o r
electronics

OCT using fiber optics

sample referenc e

photodetecto r
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SLD
electronics

Development of Swept-Source OCT System

Reference Sampl e

L1
SLD FC/PC AOT F BS

L2
SLD Drive r RF Generator CCD

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computer

Swept-Source FDOCT

swept laser

fixed ref mirror

electronics
I 3/18/12 1/

inverse Fourier transfor m

Distance

Applications in ophthalmology
Normal patient

Patient with impaired vision (20/80): The cause is a macular hole

Patients other eye (vision 20/25): Impending macular hole, which can be treated 3/18/12 http://rleweb.mit.edu/Publications/currents/cur11-2/11-

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J. Izatt

1,000 A scans. 17 images/se c

Fundus image from 3D data

Volumetric 3D image (5.7 sec)

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Bioptigen Inc.

Glaucoma

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Non Contact Tonometer

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Slit Lamp

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Diabetic retinopathy
Normal Retina

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Fundus Camera

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