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The petroleum industry

Teacher: Hai Trieu Phan Group :


Van Hoa, Tran Khanh Huy, Phan Duc Khai, Huynh Ngoc Mai, Thach Huu Phu, Nguyen

Outline

Introduction Oil refining Alkanes alkenes

Introduction

Oil refining

Crude oil: is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Not only a major source of fuel but also a raw material of enormous importance. Oil refining: is a method which convert crude oil to petroleum products. Carried out by technique called fraction distillation.

Fraction distillation

heater

ALKANES

The molecules within the alkane family contain carbon covalently bonded to four other atoms by single bonds. These molecules possess only single bonds they are said to be saturated, as no further atom can be added.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Alkane do not conduct electricity, nor are they substantially polarized by an electric field. For this reason they do not form hydrogen bonds and are insoluble in polar solvents such as water. Their solubility in nonpolar solvents is relatively good, a property that is called lipophilicity.

ALKANES
In the case of the alkanes the general fomula is: CnH(2n+2) Where n is the number of carbon atoms present

TRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

Isomers are subtances which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Chemical property of alkanes

Reacts with air to form heat energy (Burning reaction )

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + Q Decomposition reaction + The catalytic heat CH4 C + 2H2 + The catalytic light CH4 + 2Cl2 C + 4HCl

alkanes reacts with halogen

Chain reaction

substitution reaction

Alkyl and chlorine atom free radical

CH3Cl, CH2Cl, CHCl3, CCl4

The process continues until all the chlorine

all the hydrogen in alkanes was replaced by chlorine

Application of alkanes
Propane and butane Pentane to octane methane Halogenoalkanes

Liquefied petroleum gas

The ozone hole problem

CFC molecule chlorine atom ultraviolet The chlorine atom reacts with the ozone: Cl(g) + O3(g) OCl(g) + O2(g) Therefore, the ozone hole problem by CFC gas

Alkenes
General formula Bonding in alkenes Names of the alkenes Source and prepare Chemical reaction Test for unsaturated compounds

General formula

Alkenes take form Carbon and Hydrogen atoms Formula: CnH2n in there, n is the number of carbon atoms

Bonding in alkenes
Alkenes have double covalent bond between the carbon atoms It is unsaturated more reactive than the alkanes

Names of the alkenes


All alkenes have names ending in ene Name number carbon atoms + ene Ex:

Alkenes
Ethene Propene Butene

Formula
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8

Source and prepare


Very few alkenes are found in nature Preparing alkenes in industry: The fractional distillation (catalytic cracking) Equation: Dodecane decane + alkene C12H26 (g) C10H22 (g) + C2H4 (g) Or: C12H26 (g) C8H16 (g) + C4H8 (g) + H2 (g)

Source and prepare

Preparing alkenes in lab:

Physical properties
The physical state depends on molecular mass: Ethene, propene and butene are gases Alkene have 5-16 carbon atom are liquids Higher alkenes are waxy solids

Chemical reaction

Addition reaction

Ex: C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) C2H5OH (g) Application is manufacture of ethanol

Chemical reaction
Hydrogenation Ex: C2H4 (g) + H2 (g)

C2H6 (g)

Application is manufacture of margarines from vegetable oils,

Chemical reaction

Halogenation CH2=CH2 + Br2 BrCH2-CH2Br Hydrohalogenation CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr CH3-CHBr-CH2-H Polymerization Oxidation R1-CH=CH-R2 + O3 R1-CHO + R2-CHO + H 2O

Test for unsaturated compounds

Ethene + bromine dibromoethane CH2=CH2 + Br-Br C2H4Br2

Conclusion

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