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Outline
Introduction
Oil refining
Crude oil: is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Not only a major source of fuel but also a raw material of enormous importance. Oil refining: is a method which convert crude oil to petroleum products. Carried out by technique called fraction distillation.
Fraction distillation
heater
ALKANES
The molecules within the alkane family contain carbon covalently bonded to four other atoms by single bonds. These molecules possess only single bonds they are said to be saturated, as no further atom can be added.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Alkane do not conduct electricity, nor are they substantially polarized by an electric field. For this reason they do not form hydrogen bonds and are insoluble in polar solvents such as water. Their solubility in nonpolar solvents is relatively good, a property that is called lipophilicity.
ALKANES
In the case of the alkanes the general fomula is: CnH(2n+2) Where n is the number of carbon atoms present
TRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
Isomers are subtances which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + Q Decomposition reaction + The catalytic heat CH4 C + 2H2 + The catalytic light CH4 + 2Cl2 C + 4HCl
Chain reaction
substitution reaction
Application of alkanes
Propane and butane Pentane to octane methane Halogenoalkanes
CFC molecule chlorine atom ultraviolet The chlorine atom reacts with the ozone: Cl(g) + O3(g) OCl(g) + O2(g) Therefore, the ozone hole problem by CFC gas
Alkenes
General formula Bonding in alkenes Names of the alkenes Source and prepare Chemical reaction Test for unsaturated compounds
General formula
Alkenes take form Carbon and Hydrogen atoms Formula: CnH2n in there, n is the number of carbon atoms
Bonding in alkenes
Alkenes have double covalent bond between the carbon atoms It is unsaturated more reactive than the alkanes
Alkenes
Ethene Propene Butene
Formula
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8
Physical properties
The physical state depends on molecular mass: Ethene, propene and butene are gases Alkene have 5-16 carbon atom are liquids Higher alkenes are waxy solids
Chemical reaction
Addition reaction
Ex: C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) C2H5OH (g) Application is manufacture of ethanol
Chemical reaction
Hydrogenation Ex: C2H4 (g) + H2 (g)
C2H6 (g)
Chemical reaction
Halogenation CH2=CH2 + Br2 BrCH2-CH2Br Hydrohalogenation CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr CH3-CHBr-CH2-H Polymerization Oxidation R1-CH=CH-R2 + O3 R1-CHO + R2-CHO + H 2O
Conclusion