Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A piece of wire carrying electric current behaves as a magnet or The electric current flowing in a wire can produce magnetic field in the space surrounding the wire
Origin of Electromagnetism
A Solenoid
10
11
Leakage Flux The flux established along paths that lie mostly in air is very small compared to the core flux as core has a permeability r times that or air. This flux is called leakage flux, i.e. it Ieaks through the core.
12
Definition of Current
13
14
r=1m
15
The ratio of B/H is termed as the PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE AND IS REPRESENTED BY 0.
16
17
Relative Permeability
18
19
Relative Permeability
For Magnetic Materials B = 0 r H For Non-magnetic Materials B = 0 H
20
RESISTANCE Vs RELUCTANCE
From Ohms law:
Resistance limits the current
Similarly:
21
RELUCTANCE
23
S3
S2 Sg S2 S1
24
Sa= Sb = S2+2S3
25
27
29
30
31
B-H Characteristics
The B-H relationship for cyclic H is the hysteresis loop The tip of the loop corresponds to the maximum H of the cyclic variation. Three hysteresis loops are indicated in this figure.
32
Ferrite cores
A ferrite material known as magnetic ceramic has a square hysteresis loop which is substantially magnetically bi-stable Square-loop materials are used in switching circuits, as storage elements in computers and in special type of transformers in electronic circuits. A small change magnetic force H caused full reversal of the flux density from +B to B, and vice versa. This can be recognized as I/O switching in computing circuit They are extensively used in power electronics.
33
34
35
36
or
37
38
39
40
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
42
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE If 12 are the flux linkages in coil 1 by i2 current of coil 2, then:
12
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
44
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
There exists four inductances if both coils carry current, they are:
Self inductance L1 of coil 1 because of current I1. Self inductance L2 of coil 2 because of current I2. Mutual inductance M12 of coil 1 because of current I2. Mutual inductance M21 of coil 2 because of current I1.
45
Mutual Inductance
Energy because of current I1 in coil 1 of 1 inductance L1 is 1 1 2.
2
In this condition if we want to change the current in coil 2, the flux in the core tries to change, as per Lenzs law the system tries to oppose by reducing necessary current in coil 1 and thus coil 1 pump back some power into its source.
46
47
Similarly if we want to change the current in coil 1, coil 2 will draw extra current from its source. In that case also the total energy absorbed by the core is: +
48
If the current change amplitude is same then: + = + Or = Or = = Which is the MUTUAL INDUCTANCE of core with two coils
49
Mutual Inductance
= =
= = = = = = = = =
= =
So: =
50
b. Magnetic core is having a linear B-H curve. (This will be correct only if we consider non-magnetic core or core with an air-gap)
c. Tight coupling between coil 1 and coil 2.
In practice it is not possible so we add a factor called COUPLING FACTOR (k) in the equation. =
51
52
Sa= Sb = S2+2S3
54
S3
S2 Sg S2 S1
55
56
RELUCTANCE
RESISTANCE Vs RELUCTANCE
From Ohms law:
Resistance limits the current
Similarly:
58
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
There exists four inductances if both coils carry current, they are:
Self inductance L1 of coil 1 because of current I1. Self inductance L2 of coil 2 because of current I2. Mutual inductance M12 of coil 1 because of current I2. Mutual inductance M21 of coil 2 because of current I1.
59
60
61
62
63
64
66
Problem 1
A ferromagnetic ring of cross-section area 800mm2 and of mean radius 170 mm has two windings connected in series, one of 500 turns and one of 700 turns. If the relative permeability is 1200, calculate the selfinductance of each coil and the mutual inductance of each assuming that there is no flux leakage.
67
68
69
Solution:
70
Eddy-Current Loss
71
72
73
74
75
76
Hysteresis Loss
77
78
79
80
81
82
83