He gives health where there was only sickness. He gives strength when there was only weakness.

. He gives life where there was only death. He gives hope where there was only despair. He gives forgiveness where there was only shame. He is the God of new beginnings. When we reach the end of ourselves, we come to the beginning of him.

UNIT II
8086 SOFTWARE ASPECTS Intel 8086 microprocessor Architecture - Signals- Instruction Set-Addressing ModesAssembler Directives- Assembly Language ProgrammingProcedures-Macros-Interrupts And Interrupt Service Routines-BIOS function calls.

Intel 8086 microprocessor

The 8086 was the first 16-bit Microprocessor to be introduced by Intel Corporation. It is designed to be upwardly compatible with the older 8080/8085 series of 8-bit microprocessors. The upward compatibility allows programs written for the 8080/8085 to be easily converted to run on the 8086. The word 16-bit means that its arithmetic logical unit, internal registers, and most of its instructions are designed to work with 16-bit binary words.

The 8086 has a 16-bit data bus, so it can read data form or write data to memory and ports either 16-bits or 8-bits at a time. The 8086 has a 20-bit address bus, so it can address any one of 220 or 1,048,576 memory locations. Each of the 1,048,576 memory addresses of the 8086 represents a byte-wide location. Words will be stored in two consecutive memory locations. If the first byte of a word is at an even address, the 8086 can read the entire word in one operation. If the first byte of the word is at an odd address, the 8086 will read the first byte of the word in one operation, and the second byte in another operation.

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
The term architecture, as used in microprocessor circuits, describes the functional components that make up the MPU and the interaction between them. These include the temporary storage devices known as registers, which are used to hold data, instructions, and status information. There are also devices to perform arithmetic and logical operations. Control devices are used to control the flow of information through the MPU

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

 As shown by the block diagram, the 8086 MPU is divided into two independent functional parts known as the execution unit (EU) and the bus interface unit (BIU). Execution unit (EU) The EU is where the actual processing of data takes place inside the 8086 MPU. It is here that the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is located, along with the registers used to manipulate data and store immediate results.

 The EU accepts instructions and data that have been fetched by the BIU and then processes the information. Data processed by the EU can be transmitted to the memory or peripheral devices through the BIU. EU has no direct connection with the outside world and relies solely on the BIU to feed it with instructions and data as indicated in fig.