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Buck-Boost Converter
LM2937 Linear Low Drop Out Regulator (LDO) - will regulate until Vout - Vin = 0.5V, at I Out = 500mA. 7805 regulator - Vout - Vin = 2V, at I Out = 1A .
Higher Efficiency
A linear voltage regulator may typically achieve an efficiency of 50% to 65%. A Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) regulator typically achieves an efficiency of 75% to 95%.
SMPS benefits
Very wide input voltage range.
For example: most personal computer power supplies are SMPSs - accepting AC input 90V to 250V.
Lower Quiescent Current than linear regulators Less heat than an equivalent linear regulator.
Much Lower Green House Gas emissions
Overall Smaller geometry components are used Lighter Weight Lower running cost - Lower total cost of ownership (TCO). Battery operated devices - longer lifetime.
SMPS disadvantages
Significant Output Ripple
May need a post filter to decrease ripple May need a secondary linear low drop out regulator to ensure damaging voltage transients keep away from voltage sensitive elements - electronics. An SMPS May add too much cost.
How much is too much?
Average Power? 222000WH / 26280hours = 8 Watts. So if your device consumes 8 Watts or more, 24 Hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days per year, over three or more years, an SMPS should be considered on economic grounds. Also consider what is the total product lifetime savings?
Can that be a sales feature?
In some battery powered systems, no regulation may be acceptable if the working range of the semiconductors is chosen carefully. (Eg 2xAA / CR2032 battery systems) Particularly cost sensitive clients may not appreciate their time spent on something they see as costly - use your judgement - the world has limited resources Initial Prototyping of RF, Analog or Microprocessor systems. The switching noise could make it difficult or impossible to debug the complete system. Project deadline has passed.
We can vary the systems frequency of operation by altering the value in ICR1 We can also vary the PWM level by altering the value in OCR1A : 0 <= OCR1A <= ICR1
Measured Values:
ADC0 = I Out x 0.02 ADC1 = V Out / 5 ADC2 = V In / 11 ADC3 = I In x 0.8 = PORTF Pin 0 = PORTF Pin 1 = PORTF Pin 2 = PORTF Pin 3
Efficiency = P Out / P In
Design for 1A out. Switch induced Capacitor Ripple = 18mV Extra ripple due to Capacitors Effective Series Resistance (ESR)
Acknowledgements
These notes were produced by Paul Main,
www.sea.vg Oct 2007
Simple DC-DC converter technologies illustration The IEEE Electrical Engineering Handbook, Richard Dorf et al,