BKC4653 Polymer Technology

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Outline
A brief History Definition, Structure, Configuration and Conformation of polymers Basic Properties of Polymers Classification of Polymers

What is Polymer ???

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units. These sub-units are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds.

Polymers
structures
Polymers consist of long chains, which are composed of simple structural units (mers) strung together.

mer mer mer

mer mer mer

poly = many
mer mer mer

Polymers
structures 1
One-handed Closed molecule

Two-handed

Linear molecule

Three or more handles

Cross-linked polymers

Coliste Lorcin Leaving Certificate Engineering

Advantages
High strength and stiffness/weight ratio Corrosion-resistance Low signature Manufacturing flexibility Variety of properties Flexibility Chemical stability Low cost

History
Animal skin to polyester Henri Braconnot's work in the 1830s is perhaps the first modern example of polymer science. Braconnot, along with Christian Schnbein and others, developed derivatives of the natural polymer cellulose producing new, semi-synthetic materials, such as celluloid and cellulose acetate. What is the story behind it?????

Polymers
History of Polymers

1- from earliest time to 1900: the realisation of a new material group, 2- 1900 -1930 The birth of a plastic technology, 3 - 1930 -1950 Plastics as substitute materials 4 - 1950 1970 The Plastics age 5 - 1970 - now Engineering Plastics.

Polymers
structures Types of chains
1-Linear chains Thesse are formed when chains are built up without any deviation. They are generally formed when the mers used have only two reactive sites. 2-Branched chains Deviation can occur when the chain is being formed and chain branching can result. 3- Cross-linking The branches can join up to give cross-links between adjacent chains.

NATURAL VS SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

There are two types of polymers: synthetic and natural. Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, and epoxy. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. They are often water-based. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins.

Organic and Inorganic Polymer

Organic polymer consists C as a polymer backbone Example: Polyethylene

 Inorganic polymers are polymers with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms. Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are named hybrid polymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber. It has a repeat unit based on silicon and oxygen: [O-Si(CH3)2]n

Plastic, Elastomeric, Fibre, Resin

A polymer hard and tough Plastic Example- PE, PVC A polymer have high elastic property Elastomer . Example- Rubber Fibre- If polymer is drawn into long filament-like materials whose length is at least 100 times than dia Ex- nylon Resin- In the form of liquid- Adhesive. Ex- Epoxy

Thermoset
Some polymer undergo some chemical changes on heating and convert themselves into an infusible mass can not be remelted again. Ex: Epoxy

Thermoplastic
If the bonds between the chains are weak secondary bonds, then these will easily be disrupted by heat. Such polymers are termed Thermoplastics. It can be melted and reshaped many times. PVC, PP, PE

Classification
Natural/ Synthetic Organic/Inorganic Thermosest/Thermoplastics Plastics/Elastomer/Fibre/Resin