(From 400 BC to the Present)

By: Shabaz Khan

Atom(Noun) A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element Consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons, equal in number to the number of nuclear protons

This Greek philosopher had an early atomic theory stating that

All matter is made up of atoms Atoms are eternal and invisible So small that they cant be divided, and they entirely fill up the space theyre in

An English chemist/physicist, formed the first modern atomic theory, stating that:
All elements are composed of tiny individual spheres Atoms of the same element have the same properties Atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds Atoms rearrange when undergoing chemical reactions
His atomic theory has been modified over the years especially with the discovery of subatomic particles, atoms in matter, and how atoms of one element differ from atoms of another
Daltons Model -Tiny, solid sphere

British physicist, who discovers the electron and developed the plum-pudding model of the atom
Pictures electrons embedded in a sphere of positive electrical charge

Japanese physicist, who suggested that an atom has a central nucleus

Electrons move in orbits like the rings of Saturn (Saturnian model) Pursued his theoretical model as a tool to account for the interactions of atoms, radioactivity, etc.

A New Zealand physicist, Ernest finds out that an atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in a ball at the center of the atom
Used the results of his gold-foil experiment to formulate/back this discovery and his model Stated that the electrons orbited the nucleus in a manner like the solar system (Planets orbiting the Sun)

A Denmark physicist, who was working off Rutherfords concept of the atom, stated that the electrons moved around the nucleus at fixed distances
Bohr atomic model stated that atoms absorb or emit radiation only when the electrons abruptly jump between allowed, or stationary states

A French physicist, who hypothesized that the electrons in Bohrs model were confined to discrete orbits because they had properties of waves
Cornerstone of quantum mechanics He proposed a theory called the Principle of Complementarity (States that waves and particles represent complementary aspects of the same phenomenon)

An Austrian physicist, who introduced the Schrdinger Equation, a wave equation that describes the motion of electrons in atoms
His mathematical equations leads to his electron cloud model

An English physicist, who discovered the existence of neutrons, particles that have no charge
Atomic nuclei contains neutrons alongside with positive charged protons

Book:
Wilbraham, Staley, Matta, Waterman. Chemistry. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2008.
Web:
o www.cerritos.edu/ladkins/a106/abriefhistoryoftheato m o www.scientificweb.com/en/physics/biographies/hanta ronagaoka o www.hi.fi.tripod.com/timeline o www.nobeliefs.com/atom.htm o www.google.com