Chapter 1: BASIC OF ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES

Atomic Structure

An atom defined as the smallest particle of an element. Atom contain particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons located at the centre called

nucleus of the atom. Protons contain a positive electrical charge and neutrons add weight to the atom. Electrons circle around the nucleus in various orbit.

Electrical Characteristic of Element

The outer orbit on an atom is called valence ring. The number of electrons on the valence ring determines the electrical characteristics of the element.

Conductor,semiconductor and insulator.

Conductor Atoms that valence ring has one, two or three, the element is classified as a good conductor, because the electrons on valence ring move easily from one atom to another. Conductor is a substances that allow the flow of electric current or thermal energy.

Conductor,semiconductor and insulator.

Semiconductor Atom has four valence electron, is classified as a semiconductor. Class of crystalline solids (germanium or silicon) with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors are used in the manufacture of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (IC).

Conductor,semiconductor and insulator.

Insulator Atom has five or more valence electrons, these electrons will not move easily. Insulator is a substance that blocks or retards the flow of electric current or heat. An insulator is a poor conductor because it has a high resistance to electric charge flow. Electrical insulators are commonly used to hold conductors in place, separating them from one another and from surrounding structures. Electrical insulators include rubber, plastic, porcelain, and mica.

Electric Current Flow

When an atom lacks an electron, it attracts an electron from another atom. The electrical circuit must also be complete between the massing electron and the lack of electrons. The mass movement of valence electrons from atom to atom in a conductor defined as Current flow .

Electrical Circuits

When the electrons flow back to where they started from, it is called a circuit. In electrical circuits, current flows from the Positive (+ve) terminal of the supply to the Negetive (-ve) terminal. Any device that consumes electricity is called load. In electrical circuit, all loads are regarded as resistance

Automotive Electrical Circuits

In an automotive electrical circuit, one end of the wire from each load returning to the battery is connected to the vehicle body or frame; acting as a conductor, allowing current to flow through the body and back to the battery. The body or frame is then referred to as the body ground (or earth) of the circuit.

Voltage (V) and Electromotive Force (EMF)

VOLTAGE Voltage cause the electrons to move through a circuit. Voltage is a measurement for electrical pressure difference or potential difference. The device that measure voltage is Voltmeter. It is measured in volts, V 1 volt refers to the voltage that can cause 1 ampere of current to flow in a conductor having a resistance of 1 ohm In automotive, the electrical pressure can be provided by a battery or it can be produced by a generator

Electric Current
AMPERES Amperes is a measurement for the rate of electron flow or the amount of current flowing through a circuit. It is equal to a flow of charge 1 coulomb per second or 6.25 x 1018 electrons per second.

Electric Current

Direct Current (DC) flows in only one direction. Most automotive circuit operate on direct current. Alternating Current (AC) flows alternately in one direction and then in the opposite direction. The windings in alternator stator have AC flowing in them, but this AC is rectified to DC by the diodes in the alternator. Therefore, DC is delivered from the alternator to the battery and electrical components on the vehicle.

Electric Source in Automotive

Battery

Alternator

OHMS LAW

Ohm's law states that the current (I) through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage (V) across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance (R) between them.

I = current , V = voltage R = resistance

Types of Circuit

Primary Circuits The first part of a two-part circuit The switch that control the circuit must be closed before any of the other components in the circuit will work Open circuit Continuity fault in the circuit e.g. broken wire, load or fuse; faulty switch No output from the load

Close circuit Perfect, correct functioning circuit in which the switch is closed Output is achieved from the load It is normal/working condition

Series Circuit

Components connected in series are connected along a single path.

A series circuit has these features: 1. Same current flows through all of the components. 2. The total resistance is the sum of all resistances in the circuit. 3. The voltage drop across each load depends on the ohm value of that resistance. 4. The sum of the voltage drops across each load equals the source voltage.

Series Circuit
In a series circuit, the components (switches, bulbs, fuses etc.) are all connected so that the current flows first through one and then through the next There are no branches; the current doesn't split into more than one route Disadvantages If one component fail, the system will revert to open circuit Unable to control the operation of load separately Each load receive different voltage due to voltage drop

Series Connection

The combined resistance Ro in this circuit is equal to the sum of individual resistance R, and R2.

Therefore, the strength of current I flowing in the circuit can be found as follows:

Application of Ohm's Law

To determine the current (I) value.

Application of Ohm's Law

a)To determine the voltage (V) value.

b) to determine resistance (R) value.

Voltage drop/divider
When current flows in a circuit, the presence of a resistance in that circuit will cause the voltage to fall or drop as it passes through the resistance. The resultant difference in the voltage on each side of the resistance is called a voltage drop. When current I flows in the following circuit, voltage drops V, and V2 across resistances R, and R2 can be determined as follows from Ohm's law. (The value of current I is the same for both R, and R2 since they are connected in series.)

Voltage drop/divider
1. Voltage drop is the difference in voltage across a resistance when current flows through the resistance. 2. Voltage drop/divider, V1= I x R1 or V1= Vsource x R1 R1+R2+R3

Series Circuit
1. Total Resistance, RT= R1+R2+R3 2. Voltage drop, V1= I x R1 or V1= Vsource x R1 R1+R2+R3 3. Voltage Vsource=V1+V2+V3 4.Current I=Vsource RT

(Vsource)

Quiz 1
1. 2.

3.

Calculate the total resistance in the circuit. What is the value display of the Ammeter, A? Find the value of voltmeter V1,V2,V3 and V4.
V1
1

V2 V3

V4

Solution:

Parallel Circuit.

The components are connected separate path for current flow. The amount of current flow through each load depends on the amount of resistance in that part of the circuit. Equal full source voltage is supplies to each load. The total resistance is always less than ohm value of the lowest resistor in the circuit.

Parallel Circuit.
1. Current flow,

2. Total/effective resistance ,RT 1 =1 +1 +1 RT R1 R2 R3

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Magnetism

A phenomenon by which materials assert an attractive/repulsive force or influence on other materials Magnetic flux travels from N to S

Magnetism

A permanent magnet has an invisible magnetic field surrounding the magnet. Arrow on the line that represent the field show the direction of magnetic flow, or flux. Basic magnetic principles, as below figure;

Electromagnetism

A phenomenon by which magnetism properties are strengthened by an electric current Right-hand rule When current flows in the direction of the travel of a righthand . screw as it is being screwed in, a magnetic flux is generated in the direction of the force that turns the screw

Electromagnetism

What happen to the magnetic flux when we have a circular wire rather than a straight wire??? When a straight wire is bent, it becomes a circular coil and creates a much larger, more powerful flux. When current flows in a coil, the direction of the magnetic flux is such that Nand S poles are created in the coil

Electromagnetism

When a conductor is wound in a tubular-shaped coil, it is called solenoid. S pole is created under the solenoid and N pole above it.

The number of magnetic lines of force increases as the number of turns of the coil increases

Electromagnetism
An electromagnet is manufactured by winding a coil of wire around a metal core. An iron core become concentrate of the magnetic field. The strength of an electromagnet is determined by; 1. The number of turns on the coil. 2. The amount of current flow through the coil

Electromagnetic Force

An electromagnetic force is a force that acts on a conductor when current flows in the conductor within magnetic field.

Direction of electromagnetic force

There are a smaller number of magnetic lines of force above the conductor since the direction of the magnetic fluxes created by the magnet and the direction of those created by current oppose each other. In contrast, there are a larger number of magnetic lines of force under the conductor as their directions coincide. The direction of an electromagnetic force can be determined from Fleming's left-hand rule

Fleming's left-hand rule

The index finger is the direction of the magnetic flux The middle finger is the direction of the current The thumb is the direction of the electromagnetic force

Application Electromagnetism
Application in automotive; RELAY - is an electrically operated switch, which use a small current to control large current. A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature

Application Electromagnetism
Application in automotive; STATER SOLENOID are designed to handle the exceptionally large current which are required by starter motors. When the ignition switch is turned on, a small electric current is sent to the starter solenoid. This causes the starter solenoid to close a pair of heavy contacts, thus relaying a large electric current to the starter motor, which in turn sets the engine in motion.

Test and measuring instruments

Current Measurement Measuring current using an ammeter in series with the rest of the circuit component.

Test and measuring instruments

Resistance Measurement

Measuring resistance of a component which has been disconnected from the electric circuit using ohmmeter.

Test and measuring instruments

Voltage measurement Measuring voltage using a voltmeter connected across a component whilst it is in circuit with the current flowing.

THE END

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