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Resistance Heating
Arc Heating
Induction Heating
Dielectric Heating
Direct
Direct
Indirect
Indirect
RESISTANCE HEATING
Electric furnace is a device which converts electric energy into heat energy for industrial applications. Various types of heating methods are employed here, which we discussed earlier. One such method is POWER FREQUENCY HEATING. Power frequency method is, in turn, divided into 3 methods: 1) resistance heating 2) arc heating 3) electron bombardment heating
RESISTANCE HEATING
Working principle When electric current passes through the resistance, I2R loss takes places in the resistance. According to Joules law (H=I2Rt Joules) it appears in the form of heat. In case of resistance heating, low voltage and low frequency A.C supply is used to produce heat. In some applications heat is also obtained by D.C supply.
1. 2.
CONSTRUCTION
The furnace is constructed by using heat insulating material such as firebrick and is supported on metal framework. The electrodes are inserted from top or from both sides of the furnace according to the requirement. Between these two electrodes the charge (material to be heated ) is placed . This charge maybe in form of powder, pieces or liquid.
OPERATION
In direct resistance heating, charge acts as a conductor between two electrodes hence electric current passes through it. Heat is generated in the charge according to joules law, i.e. H = I2RT joules R = Resistance of charge I = Current through charge A t = Time This method is most efficient method as the heat is generated in charge itself thus uniform heating of the charge is obtained.
APPLICATIONS
This method employed in salt bath furnaces and in electrode boiler for heating water. Generally these types of furnaces are used for the purposes of carbonizing, tempering, quenching and hardening of steel tools.
APPLICATIONS
The low temperature furnaces (300C to 1050C) are used for drying varnishes, vulcanising and hardening of synthetic material. High temperature of 1050C to 1350C are used for hardening purpose.
In case single phase arc furnaces two electrodes are taken vertically downward as shown in fig. Through the roof of furnace to the surface of charge. In case of three phase arc furnace three electrodes are separated at the corners of an equilateral triangle, thus three arcs are formed. Stirring action are automatic as current passing through charge produces electromagnetic field. The size of furnace is about 5 to 10 tonnes. For one tonne furnace power required is 200 kW. Power factor of these furnaces are about 0.8 lagging.
Since the current does not flow through the charge there is no stirring action.
These furnaces are used for melting of non powers metals. These furnace are available in 0.25 tonnes to 3 tonnes.