GII HN DY S

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DY S THC
Dy s l tp hp cc s c nh ch s
t nh n ln trong tp hp s t nhin N.
VD:
1/ x
n
= n
2
, n = 0, 1, 2,
2/ x
n
= 1/n, n = 1, 2,
3/ {x
n
} l cp s cng: a, a+d, a+2d,
Cc cch cho dy s
2
1 , /
n n
x n x n = =
1/ Dng lit k:
VD: dy 1, 2, 3,; dy 1, 1/2, 1/3,
2/ Dng tng minh:
{x
n
} cho dng biu thc gii tch ca bin n.
3/ Dng quy np:
S hng i sau tnh theo cc s hng i trc
VD:
VD:
dy
2
1 1
1 1 ,
n n n
x x x x
+
= = +
dy
1
1 2 1
1 1
2
, ,
n n
n
x x
x x x

+

= = =
Dy n iu
{x
n
} l dy tng x
n
s x
n+1
, vi mi n ln
{x
n
} l dy gim x
n
> x
n+1
, vi mi n ln
Dy tng v dy gim gi chung l dy n iu.
B du = trong nh ngha ta gi l tng
(gim) ngt.
1.Xt hiu s: x
n+1
x
n
(so vi 0)
2.Xt thng s: x
n+1
/x
n
(so vi 1)
(dng cho dy s dng)
3.Xt o hm ca hm s f(x), vi f(n) = x
n

Phng php kho st dy n iu:
V d
1 1
1
2
= + + + / :
n
a x
n
1 1
/ 1 1 :
2
n
b x
n
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
gim

1
1
1
1
+
=
+
n
n
x
x n
1
1
1
+
=
+
n n
x x
n
0 >
tng
2 3
/ :
3 4
n
n
c x
n

Biu thc ging hm s, xt o hm

2
2 3 1
( ) , ( ) 0
3 4 (3 4)
x
f x f x
x x

'
= = >

f(x) tng {x
n
} tng.
Dy b chn
{x
n
} l dy b chn trn -M : x
n
s M, n > N
0

{x
n
} l dy b chn di -m : x
n
> m, n > N
0

{x
n
} b chn {x
n
} b chn trn v b chn di
VD: Xet tnh b chan cua cac day
( )
{ }
/ 1
n
c n
{ }
/ 3
n
b
{ } 2
1
/ a
n
Cc ch s ca dy con cng ko di ra
{ } { }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
, , , , , , , , , ,
n n
x x x x x x x x x x =
DY CON
Cho {x
n
}, chn ra cc s hng t dy ny
1cch ty theo th t ch s tng dn ta
c 1 dy con ca {x
n
}.
VD:
{x
2n 1
} {x
2n
}
{x
2n-1
} = {x
1
, x
3
, x
5
, }
{x
2n
} = {x
2
, x
4
, x
6
, }
GiI HN DY S
nh ngha n gin: {x
n
} c gii hn l a
khi n ra tc l x
n
~ a khi n ln
Dy hi t
0 0
0, : , c c > - e < >
n
N N x a n N
0 0
0, :
n
N a x a n N c c c > - < < + >
: lim hu han
n
n
a x a

- =
a
0
N
x
0
( )
n
x n N >
a c
a c +
nh ngha cht ch:
1
x
2
x
3
x
V d
lim 1
1
n
n
n

=
+
1
1
1 1
n
n
x a
n n
= =
+ +
1 1
1 1
1
n
x n
n
c c
c
< < + >
+
Chng minh
0
1 1
1 1
n
n N n n x c
c c
> > + > <
Chn N
0
> 1/c , vi c > 0 ( b)
* Vi c = 10
-3
, tm N
0
?
Tnh cht dy hi t
Dy hi t th b chn.
a
n
> 0 v a
n
a th a > 0
a
n
a v a < c th a
n
< c vi n > N
0

a


a - c a + c
c


a
n
, n > N
0

a


a - c a + c
a
n
, n > N
0

0


Cc php ton trn dy hi t
( )
( )
( )
lim , lim
lim lim lim
lim lim lim lim 0
lim lim 0 & lim 0
n
K :
K :
n n
n n
n n n n
n n n
n n n n n
n n n n
n n n
n n n
x y
x y x y
x y x y y
x x x x




-

= =

= > >

lim tng (hiu, tch, thng, cn,)

= tng (hiu) lim
(hu hn)
S HOI TU VA DAY CON
VD: dy {x
n
} = {(1)
n
} phn k
2
2 1
1 1
1 1
V 2 day con
n
n
x
x

=

lim x
n
= a Mi dy con ca {x
n
} u a
Dy {x
n
} phn k
1 day con phan ky
2 day con co lim nhau
-

- =

2
2 1

n
n
n
x a
x
x a
a
H qu:
GII HAN KEP
Cho 3 dy {x
n
}, {y
n
}, {z
n
}
0
lim lim
n n n
n n
n n
x y z n N
x z a

s s >

= =

lim

=
n
n
y a
n n n
x y z s s
a
H qu:
0 & lim 0 lim 0
n n n n
n n
x y n y x

s s = =
Dy phn k ra v cng
Gii hn = : khng th xt | x
n
a | !
Dy khng hi t gi l dy phn k:
Khng c gii
hn
Phn k ra v
cng
0 0
lim , : , > 0
n n
n
x M N N x M n N

= + - e > >
0 0
lim , : , > 0
n n
n
x M N N x M n N

= - e < >
V d
lim 2
n
n
= +
2
2 log
n
M n M > >
Chng minh
Vi M > 0 (ln) ty ,
Chn N
0
> log
2
M + 1, ta c :
0 2
log 2
n
n N n M M > > >
Cc php ton trn dy phn k ra
0
lim 0
0( 0),
n
n
n
a
a n N

> < >

1
lim 0
n
n
a

=
lim
n
n
a

=
1/ Nu th
2/ Nu th lim
n
n
a

= +
()
lim
n
n
a

= , lim
n
n
b c

=
lim
n
n
a

= +
lim( )
lim ,
n n
n
n n
n
a b
a b

+ =

= =

neu c 0
, lim
n
n
b

= + lim( )
n n
n
a b

+ = +
lim
n n
n
a b

= lim
n
n
a

= +
, lim
n
n
b

= +
3/
GII HAN C BAN
3 / lim 1,
n
n
n
o
o

=
lim 0, 1
n
n
n
a
a
o

= >
4 / lim 1, 0
n
n
a a

= >
1 lim
1 1 lim 0
n
n
n
n
a a
a a

> =

< < =

0 lim
0 lim 0
n
n
n
n
o
o
o
o

> =

< =

2/. Ham mu:

1/. Luy tha:
lim 0, 0
!
n
n
a
a
n

= >
ln
5 / lim 0, 0
p
n
n
n
o
o

= >
ln
p n
n n a
o
2
/ lim 1

=
n
n
e n
2
/ lim

=
n
a n
1 2
1
/ lim lim 0
n n
b n
n

= =
/ lim 2

= +
n
n
c
1
/ lim 0
2

| |
=
|
\ .
n
n
d
2
/ lim 0
3

=
n
n
n
f
V d
7 DNG V NH
0
, 0 , ,
0

0 0
1 ,0 ,

i vi 4 php ton cng, tr, nhn, chia:

i vi dng m
( )
n
b
n
a
2
sin
2 / lim
1
n
n n
n

+
1000
3 / lim
n
n
n

| |
|
\ .
!
1/ lim
n
n
n
n

! 1 2 1
0 0
n
n n
n n n n n

< = s

2 2
sin
0 0
1 1
n n n
n n
s s
+ +
Vi n > 2000:
1000 1
0 0
2
n n
n
| | | |
< s
| |
\ . \ .
V d tng hp
Tng cp s nhn
( )
1
1
2
1 1
lim 1 lim
1 1
n
q
n
n n
q
q q q
q q
+
<


+ + + + = =

( )
( )
1
1
0
0
0 0 0
1
lim lim
1 1
n
q
n
n n
u q
u
u u q u q
q q
+
<

+ + + = =

1 1 1
4 / lim 1
2 4 2

| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
n
n
1
1 1 2 1
lim 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
n
n
+

= = =

2 1 3 9
lim ,
3 2 8 32

| |
= + +
|
\ .
n
5/ S
0
1 3 3 2 8
,
2 2 4 3 21
q u S = = = =
( )
2
5 / lim 1
n
n n

+
2 2
2
1
lim
1
n
n n
n n

+
=
+ +
2 2
1 1 1 1
lim lim 0. 0
2
1 1 1
n n
n
n n n

= = = =
+ + + +
( )
2
6 / lim 1
n
n n n

+
( )
2
7 / lim 1 2
n
n n

+
8 / lim 3 2
n n n
n
+
3 s
(
0
)
2 3
n n
s 3 2
n
=
3 1
n
3
lim 3
n
n
x

=
3 2
n n n
n
x = +
2
8 / lim 3 2
n n n
n
n

+
TIEU CHUAN WEIRSTRASS
Dy tng & b chn trn th hi t,
Dy gim & b chn di th hi t
VD: 1/ Chng minh tn ti gii hn sau:
2 2 2
1 1 1
lim 1 ...
2 3

| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
n
n
2 2
1 1
1 ... :
2
n
x
n
= + + +
( )
2
1 1 1 1
2
1 1
n
x
n n n n n
< = <

{ }
1
2
1
0
( 1)
tang
n n n
x x x
n
+
= >
+
2/ Chng minh tn ti v tm gii hn dy s:
0 1
3, 1
2
n
n
x
x x
+
= = +
1 n n
x x
+

TIEU CHUAN WEIRSTRASS
Dng quy np chng minh x
n
> 2 (b chn
di)
n iu:
1
2
1 1 2
2 2
n
k
x
x
+
= + > + =
1
0
2
n
x
= <
Gs x
k
> 2,


1
2
n
n
x
x = +
{x
n
} gim v b chn di nn hi t
lim
n
x L = Gi:
Khi
1
lim
n
x L
+
=
Ta li c
1
1
2
n
n
x
x
+
= +
Qua gii hn khi n, ta c
1 2
2
L
L L = + =
SO e
1
1
n
n
x
n
| |
= +
|
\ .
1
1 1
1 1
1
n
n
n n
+
| |
+ s +
|
+
\ .
1
lim 1
n
n
e
n

| |
= +
|
\ .
Chng minh tn ti gii hn sau :
Tnh n iu:
1
1 1
1 1
1
n n
n n
+
| | | |
+ s +
| |
+
\ . \ .
s dng bt Cauchy cho 1 v n s (1+1/n)
Vy {x
n
} tng.
0
1
1
n
k
n
n
k
k
C
n n
=
| |
+ =
|
\ .

2
1 1 1
2 1 1
!
n
k
k
n n k
=

| | | |
< +

| |
\ . \ .
1
2
1 1 2
2 2 3
1 1 2 2

=
s + < + =

n
k
k
B chn:
( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
2
!
n
k
k
n n n k
k n
=
+
= +

2
1
2
!
n
k
k
=
< +

PHA DANG VO NH 1

: lim 1 .
n
a
n
a
a e
n

| |
+ =
|
\ .
1 1
1/ lim 1 VD:
n
n
n e

| |
=
|
\ .
2 3
2
2 / lim
4
n
n
n
n

+
| |
|
+
\ .
2 3
4
4
2
2
4
2 1
lim 1
4
Bien oi
n
n
n
n
e
n e

+
+

(
| |
(
= =
| (

+
\ .

1 . Dang