Chng 4: Chc nng hoch nh

Khi nim v ngha ca H Phn loi H Phng php H Mt s cng c H ch yu Tin trnh H

- Vch ra 3 mc tiu ca bn trong tng lai 5 -10 nm na - Cn c vo u a ra k hoch - Cn lm g t c iu

Khi nim H
- Hoch nh l tin trnh trong cc nh qun
tr xc nh v la chn mc tiu ca t chc v vch ra hnh ng cn thit t mc tiu. - Hoch nh l nghin cu qu kh ra Q trong hin ti v cng vic phi lm trong tng lai nhm thc hin cc mc tiu nh. Bn cht?

 ngha ca H
- Hoch nh gip cho nh qun tr t duy c h thng v nhng vn trong t chc. Do , n gip t chc: Ch ng i ph vi cc tnh hung qun tr C cc chnh sch, bin php nht qun Tp trung c ngun lc hon thnh nhng cng vic trng tm ca t chc Phi hp cc ngun lc hp l, hiu qu. - Hoch nh lm tin cho cc chc nng khc

Phn loi
- Theo cp hoch nh + Hoch nh v m + Hoch nh vi m - Theo phm vi + Hoch nh ton din + Hoch nh tng phn - Theo lnh vc kinh doanh + Hoch nh ti chnh + Hoch nh nhn s + Hoch nh mar

Phn loi
- Theo mc hot ng + Hoch nh chin lc
+ Hoch nh chin thut

- Theo thi gian

+ Hoch nh di hn: >5 nm + Hoch nh trung hn: t 1 nm n di 5 nm + Hoch nh ngn hn: Di 1 nm

Phn loi H
- H chin lc
Hoch nh CL l tin trnh xy dng cc chng trnh s dng cc ti nguyn ca t chc sao cho ph hp vi nhng c hi, hot ng c hiu qu trong thi gian di.

- H chin thut Hoch nh chin thut l hoch nh cch thc thc hin CL, cch x l cc tnh hung c th t c kt qu cao.

Hoch nh chin lc
CL cp cng ty (CL tng th) Bao trm ton b cc hot ng ca cng ty. => xc nh cc hot ng KD m cng ty s cnh tranh v phn phi ngun lc gia cc hot ng KD . CL cp n v KD: Dnh cho tng lnh vc KD ring bit trong cng ty. CL cp chc nng: p dng cho tng b phn chc nng ring bit. Mi b phn chc nng c th l mt phng, ban hoc khu vc hot ng.

H chin thut
Qu trnh ra Q ngn hn v chi tit, xc nh ni dung cng vic cn tin hnh, ngi thc hin v cch thc tin hnh. Nhim v: trin khai ngn sch hng nm i vi mi phng ban, la chn nhng phng tin c th thc hin CL ca t chc, v.v. Hoch nh chin thut chnh l cc k hoch hng nm, hng qu v cc tc nghip hng thng, 1 tun, 1 ngy lm vic, 1 ca cng tc.

H chin thut
- K hoch n dng + Chng trnh + D n + Ngn sch - K hoch thng trc (thng xuyn) + Chnh sch + Th tc + Quy nh

Cc tnh cht ca HCL v HCT

Tnh cht nh hng ca H Thi gian thc hin H chin lc
Ton b

H chin thut
Cc b

Di hn

Ngn hn

Mi trng thc hin

Mc tiu ra

Bin i

Xc nh

Ln, tng qut

C th, r rng

Cc tnh cht ca HCL v HCT

Tnh cht Thng tin H Kt qu thc hin H chin lc
Tng hp, khng y

H chin thut
y , chnh xc

Lu di Nng n, c th lm ph sn Khi qut vn

C th iu chnh

Tht bi nu xy ra
Kh nng ca ngi ra Q

C th khc phc

Phn tch c th, t m

Phng php H
- Hoch nh t trn xung - Hoch nh t di ln - Hoch nh bng cch trung ho hai phng php trn (hai xung mt ln)

Hoch nh t trn xung

- Cc qun tr vin cp cao nht xy dng k hoh hot ng cho cp mnh, sau gi k hoch ny cho cp k tip lm cn c xy dng k hoch cho cp mnh v c nh vy cho n cp thp nht

Hoch nh t trn xung

- u im: m bo tnh thng nht trong KH Gi vng cc nh hng v cng c vai tr iu tit ca cp trn i vi cp di - Nhc im:

K hoch thng khng st vi thc t kh thc hin c v phi tin hnh iu chnh k hoch thng xuyn lm mt i tnh mc tiu ca t chc; t kch thch tnh nng ng sng to ca cp di, hot ng mt cch th ng, km hiu qu.

Hoch nh t di ln
l vic cp di lm k hoch gi ln cp trn, v cp trn xy dng k hoch gi ln cp trn k tip v c nh vy cho n cp cao nht

Hoch nh t di ln
- u im K hoch thng st vi thc t Pht huy tnh ch ng sng to ca cp di, khai thc c nhng tim nng c s. - Nhc im Khng m bo tnh thng nht trong k hoch, kh gi vng cc nh hng chung Lm suy gim vai tr iu iu tit ca cp trn i vi cp di thng qua knh k hoch.

H bng cch trung ho hai phng php trn

Vo cui nm trc ca nm k hoch, cp trn xy dng k hoch cho cp mnh v gi bn k hoch ny cho cp di. Cp di cn c vo k hoch hng dn ca cp trn v cc cn c khc xy dng k hoch cho mnh v gi cho cp trn xem xt, quyt nh Cp trn quyt nh v gi tr li cho cp di t chc thc hin.

H bng cch trung ho hai phng php trn

u im m bo vic lp k hoch c thc hin thng nht, gi vng cc nh hng ca cp trn Khng hn ch tnh ch ng sng to ca cp di Lm cho k hoch st vi thc t hn.

Mt s cng c H ch yu
Ma trn SWOT/TOWS Ma trn BCG Phng php s mng li Qun tr theo mc tiu

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS
Ni dung v ngha ca ma trn SWOT/TOWS Ma trn SWOT/TOWS gm 4 yu t chnh: S: Nhng im mnh S (u im hay u th) W: Nhng im yu (nhc im) ca DN. O: Nhng c hi (c may hay thi c) ca DN. T: Nhng e do (ri ro hay nguy c) ca DN.

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS
im mnh (Strengths) im yu (Weeknesses)

C hi (Opportunities)

e da (nguy c) (Threats)

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS
SWOT: xc nh nhng yu t ni b trc, cc yu t bn ngoi sau; yu t thun li trc, bt li sau trong tng bi cnh bn trong, bn ngoi. TOWS ch trng n ngha v bn cht ca CL pht trin KD l to th cnh tranh phn tch bn ngoi trc (TO), bn trong sau (WS); v trong tng bi cnh s cp n cc yu t bt li trc, thun li sau.

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS
Bc 1: Lit k cc c hi chnh. Bc 2: Lit k cc mi e da ch yu bn ngoi cng ty Bc 3: Lit k nhng im mnh ch yu. Bc 4: Lit k nhng im yu tiu biu bn trong cng ty. Bc 5: Kt hp im mnh bn trong vi c hi bn ngoi v xut phng n CL SO thch hp. CL ny pht huy im mnh tn dng c hi.

Ma trn SWOT/TOWS
Bc 6: Kt hp im yu bn trong vi c hi bn ngoi v xut phng n CL WO thch hp. CL ny khc phc im yu bng cch tn dng c hi. Bc 7: Kt hp im mnh bn trong vi mi e do bn ngoi v xut phng n CL ST thch hp. CL ny li dng th mnh ca mnh i ph vi nguy c e do t bn ngoi. Bc 8: Kt hp im yu bn trong vi mi e do bn ngoi v xut phng n CL WT. CL ny nhm ti thiu ho tc dng ca im yu v phng th trc cc mi e do t bn ngoi.

Ma trn BCG (Boston Consulting Group)

CAO THP

CAO

4
t l Tng Trng Ca th Trng (MGR)

2 8

THP

Cao
th phn tng i (RMS)

Thp

Ma trn BCG (Boston Consulting Group)

du hi (Question marks): Nhng SBU ny thng mi c thnh lp, trn th trng c cc i th cnh tranh khc dn u nn chng c th phn thp v tc tng trng th phn cao. ngi sao (Stars): SBU du hi cnh tranh thng li, n s chuyn sang ngi sao. Cc SBU ny dn u th trng vi tc tng trng th phn cao. b sinh li (Cash cows): SBU ny c th phn cao nhng t l tng trng th phn gim xung di 10%. ch ch (Dogs): SBU ny c th phn nh v t l tng trng th phn thp thng li nhun thp, thm ch l.

Ma trn BCG (Boston Consulting Group)

Cng ty cn xc nh mc tiu, CL v ngn sch dnh cho mi SBU. Cc CL c th:
Xy dng. Mc tiu: tng th phn SBU, thm ch l t b nhng li ch ngn hn t c mc tiu ny khi cn. CL ny thch hp cho cc SBU thuc du hi.
Duy tr. Mc tiu: gi vng th phn. CL ny thch hp cho cc SBU tt b sinh li nu nh chng tip tc to ra lung tin mt ln. Thu hoch. Mc tiu: tng lung tin mt ngn hn, cho d c nh hng n di hn. CL nay lin quan n mt Q rt lui khi KD bng cc SBU du hi v ch ch. CL ny thch hp vi cc SBU yu km b sinh li. Loi b. Mc tiu: bn hoc thanh l (liquidate) cc SBU v cc ngun lc c th s c s dng tt hn cho mc ch khc. CL ny thch hp cho cc SBU du hi v ch ch khi chng nh hng xu n li nhun ca cng ty.

Phng php s mng li (s PERT)

Mng li PERT: L mt biu biu din tnh lin tc v mi quan h ca nhng cng vic v s kin cn thit hon thnh mt d n hay k hoch tng th.

Cc yu t chnh trong s PERT

S PERT gm 4 yu t ch yu: - Cc s kin (biu din bng nhng vng trn) l nhng im m cc Q c a ra hay nhng cng vic cn c tin hnh. - Cc hot ng (biu din bng nhng mi tn) l nhng cng vic cn c hon thnh di chuyn t s kin ny ti s kin khc. - Ngi chu trch nhim - Thi gian hon thnh

ng gng:
L con ng c thi gian di nht xc nh di thi gian ca ton d n Phn b cc ngun lc: Chi ph v thi gian:

Cc bc trong tin trnh lp s mng li

Bc 1: Xc nh cc hot ng cn thc hin v cc mc. Bc 2: Xc nh chui ca cc hot ng . Bc 3: Xy dng mng li. Bc 4: c lng thi gian hot ng. 3 loi thi gian: Thi gian c tnh theo kh nng hin thc Thi gian lc quan nht Thi gian bi quan nht PERT gi s c lng thi gian c hm PPXS beta thi gian k vng (Te) cho mi hot ng c c lng (trung bnh trng s): Te = (To + 4Tm +Tp)/6

Cc bc trong tin trnh lp s mng li

Bc 5: Xc nh ng gng bng cch cng thi gian c lng cho cc hot ng trong mi chui v nh r con ng di nht. Bc 6: Cp nht nhng tin trin ca d n v iu chnh khi cn thit

Phng php s mng li (s PERT)

S PERT thng pht huy cao nht khi cc d n l nhng d n phc tp v i hi phi c s phi hp cht ch. N cho php lm gim thi gian v chi ph ca d n trong trng hp: D n bao gm mt tp hp nhng cng vic c xc nh r rng Cng vic c th c bt u v kt thc mt cch c lp. Cc cng vic c tin hnh theo mt trnh t nht nh Hn ch: khng ph hp khi sn xut theo dy chuyn lp rp khi c s chi phi ca tc my mc.

B3:Xy dng mng li

- S kin ca d n c t tng ng vi n nh ca mt mng, nh s ln lt t 1 n n, ngoi ra thm vo mng mt nh 0 (ng vi s kin khi cng) v mt nh n + 1 (ng vi s kin hon thnh). - S kin i no (i = 1,, n) c th tin hnh ngay th v mt cung c mi tn i t nh 0 n nh tng ng. - Nu s kin th i phi hon thnh trc s kin th j th v cung c mi tn i t nh i n nh j v t tn cung ny l Cij. - Nu s kin i khng cn hon thnh trc bt c s kin no khc th v cung c mi tn t nh i ti nh n + 1. - Gn cho mi cung mt s, bng s n v thi gian cn thit hon thnh cng vic.

V d v s pert
Tn hot ng
o mng mng ct v san nn Xy tng

K hiu
o San Tng

H lin trc
o mng mng mng

Thi hn
3 4 3 5

H lin sau
mng San nn, xy tng Lp rui/x Lp rui/x

Lp rui/x

Rui

Tng, san nn

QT theo mc tiu (MBO ) L vic QT hng n mc tiu nh (MBO). Nhng li ch ca MBO QT tt hn: Lp k hoch phi nh hng ti kt qu th k hoch mi c ngha. QT theo MBO buc cc nh QT phi ngh n vic xy dng cc k hoch nhm t kt qu ch khng ch k hoch cng tc, k hoch hot ng. t c mc tiu, nh QT phi suy ngh v cch thc v ngun lc cn thit t mc tiu. Mc tiu cn l cn c kim tra. T chc c phn nh r: mi b phn c mc tiu khc nhau, cch lm vic, chc nng hot ng khc nhau. Kim tra c kt qu: Do c mc tiu, cng tc kim tra c cn c.

 Cc bc ca MBO
Nhng giai on ch yu Nhng bc i chnh 1. Xc nh mc tiu di hn. t mc tiu 2. Th hin cc mc tiu ca doanh nghip 3. Xy dng mc tiu ca cc ngnh kinh doanh. 4. Xy dng mc tiu ca cc phn xng XD chng ng trnh hnh 5. Xy dng k hoch hnh ng

T kim sot

6. Thc hin k hoch v tin hnh iu chnh sai lch

7. Kim tra cc cp c t mc tiu hay khng. Duyt xt nh k 8. nh gi thc hin, nu cc kin ngh, cc gii php

Tho lun: a ra mc tiu CT

Tng thm 30% th phn vo nm 2012

Tng doanh s bn ln mc 2 triu USD vo nm 2012

Tng tng li nhun ln 250.000USD vo nm 2012

Gim chi ph sn xut trn mi n v sn phm

Tng cng mt LLL c k nng gim 5% CPL trn mi la doanh s bn vo nm 2012

Tin trnh hoch nh

PT tnh hnh Hin ti

Xc nh MT Ca t chc

Lp k hoch -Xy dng nhiu phng n -So snh v la chn

PT bi cnh Hot ng

Thc hin

Bc 1. Xc nh mc tiu ca hoch nh.

Mi t chc qun tr thng c nhiu mc tiu khc nhau. Mi mc tiu c xc nh c th v thi gian thc hin v c th lng ho. thc hin cc mc tiu ny nh qun tr cn phi ra v bit cch phi hp gia cc k hoch. V vy cn xc nh mc tiu cho vn cn hoch nh.

Bc 2: Phn tch tnh hnh hin ti ca t chc.

Hin ti ca t chc c nhng im mnh v im yu g, i vi mc tiu hoch nh cc tim lc ca t chc c p ng khng, t c cc quyt nh cho ph hp

Bc 3: Phn tch bi cnh hot ng ca t chc Bao gm c hi v ri ro c th gp phi, nhng mi trng kinh t x hi m t chc chu nh hng Bc 4. Lp k hoch hot ng. Bao gm vic xy dng nhiu phng n khc nhau chn phng n thch hp; So snh v sp xp th t u tin cc phng n; Chn phng n t nht trin khai hnh ng.

Bc 5. Trin khai thc hin cc phng n hot ng. Trong qu trnh thc hin cc yu t nh hng tc ng lm nhng k hoch xy dnh b sai lch, khng ph hp, v vy trong bc ny cc qun tr vin phi linh hot i ph vi cc bt trc t bn ngoi tc ng n