Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

College of Engineering PAF Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

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UMTS
UMTS will be a mobile communications system that can offer significant user benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent network of fixed, cellular and satellite components. It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to new and innovative services and applications. It will offer mobile personalized communications to the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used.

UMTS Forum 1997

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Second Generation
GSM - 900 GSM -1800

Third Generation

DECT
TETRA

UMTS

WLL Satellite HIPERLAN MBS

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UMTS Main Requirements (3 Ms)

Multi-media Multi-environment Multi-operator Virtual operators

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Mobile Multimedia Services

Mobile Multimedia
2M 384K Video Conference (High quality) Video Conference (Low quality)

Broadcast
Information Distribution Services News Weather forecast Traffic information Mobile Radio

Internet Access

Remote medical service (Medical image)

Database Access Video Catalog shopping Video on demand -Sports -News -Movies ISDN Karaoke Mobile TV

WWW e-mail
Electronic Newspaper Voice Mail Electronic Publishing

64K

32K 16K
Telephone Conference

ftp IP telephony etc

pager

Sports information Leisure Information

9.6K
Telephone

2.4K 1.2K

Electronic Mail

FAX

Image Data Voice

Symmetric

Asymmetric

Multicast

Point to Point
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Multi Point
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Different Environments for UMTS

Global

Suburban

Urban In- Building Home-Cell Pico-Cell

Micro-Cell Macro-Cell

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UMTS Bearer Services

The UMTS radio access network and fixed network are expected to provide four classes of bearer services: Class A - Circuit-switched bit pipe

Class B - Circuit-switched bit pipe for variable bit rate

Class C - Connection-oriented packet switched bearer service Class D - Connectionless packet-switched bearer service
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On the Air Interface

Class A LDD Class B - LDD-VBR Low Delay Data (real time) Low Delay Data Variable Bit Rate (real time) Long Constrained Delay (50 ms) Unconstrained Delay Data (300 ms)

Class C LCD Class D UDD

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First Phase of UMTS

Europe has decided to adopt an evolutionary approach for the UMTS core network based on migration from the GSM/GPRS infrastructure. For the actual air interface, a revolutionary approach has been chosen. That is a new radio air interface for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). There is another parallel activity concerning the UMTS air interface using an evolutionary approach (an intermediate approach).

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The Two Approaches

Radio Access
Evolved GSM Radio Access (GERAN)

GSM Infrastructure

Public Network

Dual-mode

NSS And

New Radio

GSNs

PSTN N-ISDN B-ISDN IP-based Networks

Access (UTRAN)

Dual-mode

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Evolutionary approach for the GSM Air Interface

In this approach the GSM air interface has evolved within GSM phase 2+ to support higher rate data services. The most important developments in this approach are: 1. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS ) 2. High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD ) 3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE )

It is referred to GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)

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UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)

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Introduction
ETSI SMG2 has selected the wideband CDMA concept for the paired band (FDD mode) and the TD/CDMA concept for the unpaired band (TDD mode) for UTRA.

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Frequency allocation in Europe

TDD DECT 1880 1900 1920 UMTS

FDD MSS 1980

TDD
UMTS

FDD UMTS 2110 2170 MSS 2200

2010

2025

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Wideband CDMA Specifications

Multiple access Transmission mode Chip rate Carrier spacing Frame size Spreading technique Channel Coding
Modulation

DS-CDMA FDD 3.84 Mchips/s 5 MHz 10 ms Variable-spreading factor+multi-code 1/2-1/3 rate convolutional coding and Turbo Coding QPSK with roll-off factor a= 0.22

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Main Parameters [1]

WCDMA is a wideband Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system user information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by multiplying the user data with quasi-random bits (called chips) to support very high bit rates (up to 2 Mbps), the use of a variable spreading factor and multi-code connections is supported The chip rate of 3.84 Mcps leads to a carrier bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz

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Allocation of bandwidth in WCDMA in the timefrequency-code space

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Main Parameters [2]

wide carrier bandwidth high user data rates multiple 5 MHz carriers to increase capacity highly variable user data rates data capacity can change from frame to frame Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Time Division Duplex (TDD) asynchronous base stations coherent detection on uplink and downlink using common pilot Multiuser detection and smart adaptive antennas deployed in conjunction with GSM handovers between GSM and WCDMA are supported
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Spreading and Despreading [1]

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Spreading and Despreading [2]

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Spreading and Despreading [3]

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Definition of Channels
Logical Channel Type of information to be transmitted e.g., traffic or control logical channels. Transport Channel How and with what format data is transmitted through physical links. Physical Channel Unit of radio resource of a radio system e.g., frequency band, time slot, code, etc. RF Channel Fixed frequency band of a radio system. The MAC sublayer is responsible for mapping logical channels onto transport channels. The physical layer is responsible for mapping transport channels onto physical channels.

Transport Channels [1]

Common Channels (CCHs) Dedicated Channel (DCH) (Uplink/Downlink)

Broadcast Channel (BCH) (Downlink) Forward-Access Channel (FACH) (Downlink)

Paging Channel (PCH) (Downlink) Random-Access Channel (RACH) (Uplink)

Common Packet Channel(CPCH) (Uplink) Downlink Shared Channel(DSCH) (Downlink)

Transport Channels [2]

Dedicated Transport Channel
1. DCH Dedicated Channel Downlink/uplink Transport channel A point-to-point channel allocated to a specific user Carries information intended for the given user including data and higher layer control information Characterised by features such as fast power control fast data rate change on a frame-by-frame basis possibility of transmission to a certain part of the cell

Transport Channels [3]

Common Transport Channels
1. BCH Broadcast Channel It is a downlink channel System and cell-specific information over the entire cell The terminal cannot register to the cell without the possibility of decoding the broadcast channel transmit with relatively high power low and fixed data rate

Transport Channels [4]

2. FACH Forward Access Channel It is a downlink channel Used to carry control information to a mobile station when the system knows the location cell of the mobile station May also carry short user packets 3. PCH - Paging Channel It is a downlink channel Used to carry control information to a mobile station when the system does not know the location cell of the mobile station It is used to inform the mobile station of incoming calls

Transport Channels [5]

4. RACH Random Access Channel It is an uplink channel Used to carry control information It is used for initiating a call (initial access to the serving BS) It may also carry short user packets must be heard from the whole desired cell coverage area

5. CPCH Common Packet Channel It is a uplink channel used to carry infrequent medium sized packets the main differences to the RACH are: the use of fast power control a physical layer-based collision detection mechanism a CPCH status monitoring procedure

Transport Channels [6]

6. DSCH Downlink Shared Channel Used to carry infrequent medium and large sized packets It can be shared in time between several users It is always associated with a downlink DCH

Physical Channels
Uplink Physical channels

Dedicated Physical Channels

Common Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH))

Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Dedicated Physical Data Channels (Uplink DPDCH)

Uplink Physical Channels

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channel
1. 2. DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel Used to carry dedicated data i.e. the dedicated transport channel (DCH) There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel Used to carry control information consists of: pilot bits to support channel estimation transmit power-control (TPC) commands feedback information (FBI) an optional transport-format combination indicator (TFCI)

One DPCCH and up to six parallel DPDCHs can be transmitted simultaneously

Uplink Scrambling Codes

a complex-valued scrambling code. The long scrambling codes are from a set of Gold sequences of 38400 chips. There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes. The short scrambling codes are derived from a sequence of the family of periodically extended S(2) codes. There are 224 short uplink scrambling codes. assigned by higher layers.

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Common Uplink Physical Channel 1. PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel It is used to carry RACH Slotted ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication A UE can start the transmission at a number of well-defined time-slots called access slots Consist of one or several preambles of length 4096 chips and a message of length 10 or 20 ms

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radio frame: 10 ms 5120 chips #0 Access slot #0 Access slot #1 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

radio frame: 10 ms

#10

#11

#12

#13

#14

Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission

Access slot #7 Access slot #8

Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission

Access slot #14

RACH access slot numbers and their spacing

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2.

PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel Carries CPCH Its transmission is based on CSMA-CD approach with fast acquisition indication Access slot and timing structure is same as for RACH In addition to Access Preamble it also has one Collision Detection Preamble (CD-P)

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Downlink Physical Channels

Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels 1. DPCH - Dedicated Physical Channel Time multiplexed spreading factor SF: SF = 512/2k In the downlink the spreading factors range from 4 to 512, with some restrictions on the use of spreading factor 512 in the case of soft handover. The downlink DPDCH consists of QPSK symbols. Each symbol consists of two bits while in the case of uplink the DPDCH consists of BPSK symbol (one symbol corresponds to one bit).

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Common Downlink Physical Channels 1. CPICH - Common Pilot Channel Fixed rate carries a pre-defined bit/symbol sequence Channel estimation Two types of CPICH Primary Common Pilot Channel Secondary Common Pilot Channel
Pre-defined symbol sequence Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Slot #14

Frame structure for Common Pilot Channel

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1.1 Primary CPICH Same channelization code always used Scrambled using primary scrambling code One per cell Broadcast over entire cell 1.2 Secondary CPICH Uses either primary or secondary scrambling code Zero, one or several per cell May be transmitted over a part of cell

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3.

S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel carry FACH and PCH SF = 256/2K FACH and PCH can be mapped to same secondary CCPCH Primary CCPCH has fixed pre-defined rate while secondary CCPCH has variable rate Primary CCPCH is continuously transmitted over entire cell while secondary CCPCH is only transmitted only when there is data available
SCH Synchronisation Channel Used for cell search Consist of two sub channels
Primary SCH Secondary SCH

4.

Primary SCH consist of a modulated code of length 256 chips Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a length 15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips
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5. 6.

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Carry DSCH Shared by users based on code multiplexing As DSCH is always associated with DCH, PDSCH is always associated with DPCH Spreading factor may vary frame-to-frame Control information is transmitted on the DPCCH part of the associated DPCH SF = 256 to 4 AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel Used to carry Acquisition Indicators (AI) Either corresponds to an access preamble or a CD preamble Access preamble is an AP-AICH and CD preamble is a CD-AICH
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7.

PICH Page Indicator Channel Used to carry Page Indicator (PI) PICH is always associated with a S-CCPCH to which PCH is mapped

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Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels

Transport channels
BCH FACH PCH RACH CPCH DCH DSCH

Physical CPICH S-CCPCH PCPCH channels P-CCPCH PRACH

DPCCH DPDCH SCH

PDSCH PICH

AICH

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Initial Cell Search

The initial Cell Search is carried out in three steps: Step 1: Slot synchronisation - using the primary synchronisation channel. Step 2: Frame synchronisation and code-group identification using the secondary synchronisation channel. Step 3: Scrambling-code identification-identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the primary CCPCH with all the scrambling codes within the code group.

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Handovers [1]
1. Intra-frequency HO 2. Inter-frequency HO 3. Inter System HO

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Handovers [2]
1. Intra-frequency HO 1.1 Softer Handover Between two adjacent sectors of a base station

Communication take place concurrently via two air interface channels, one for each sector separately.
The two signals combined at BS Only one power control loop per connection
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Handovers [3]

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Handovers [4]
1.2 Soft Handover
Between cell coverage area of two different base stations
The main difference between softer and soft HO is in the uplink direction

Data at different BS from the MS is combined at RNC

Frame reliability indicator is used to select the best frame

Two power control loops per connection are active, one per BS

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Handovers [5]

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MS

Serving NB

Target NB

RNC

DCCH Measurement report DTCH

1 MS monitors the pilots

Measurement reports Traffic

level from neighbouring NBs and compares them to a set of thresholds and reports them
2 MS acquires the Target

NB and adds it to its active list

1 MS monitors the pilot

levels of the serving NBs and compares it with a Threshold and reports them

DCCH Handover "add" request Handover "add" request DCCH Handover "add" request Handover "add" request DCCH Handover "add" completion Handover "add" completion DCCH Handover "add" completion Handover "add" completion DTCH Traffic DCCH Measurement report Measurement report DCCH Measurement report Measurement report DCCH Handover "drop" request Handover "drop" request DCCH Handover "drop" request DCCH Handover "drop" completion DCCH Handover "drop" completion Handover "drop" request Handover "drop" completion Handover "drop" completion

Add Phase

Soft handover phase

Drop Phase

2 MS removes one of the

serving NBs, from its active list

Backward Soft Handover Procedure Example

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Handovers [7]
2. Inter-frequency HO Hard handover The handover between two base stations operating at two different frequencies e.g. HO between two different UMTS operators 3. Inter System HO Hard handover take place between the WCDMA FDD system and another system e.g. such as HO between UMTS to GSM

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UMTS Architecture [1]

CN Iu UTRAN Uu

UE

UTRAN CN UE

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Core Network User Equipment

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UMTS Architecture [2]

Core Network Iu RNS RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iub Node B Iur RNS RNC Iub Node B Iu

UTRAN Architecture
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UMTS Architecture [3]

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Network Nodes
1. User Equipment

Consist of ME and USIM The Mobile Equipment (ME) is the radio terminal used for radio communication over the Uu interface The UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) is a smartcard that holds: the subscriber identity, performs authentication algorithms, stores authentication and encryption keys subscription information that is needed at the terminal

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Core Network [1]

1. Home Location Register HLR is a database located in the users home system that stores the master copy of the users service profile It is created when a new user subscribes to the system, and remains stored as long as the subscription is active 2. Mobile Switching Centre/Visitor Location Register MSC/VLR It is the switch (MSC) and database (VLR) that serves the UE in its current location for Circuit Switched (CS) services MSC switches the CS transactions VLR holds a copy of the visiting users service profile and more precise information on the UEs location within the serving system

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Core Network [2]

3. Gateway MSC GMSC It is the switch at the point where UMTS PLMN is connected to external CS networks All incoming and outgoing CS connections go through GMSC 4. Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN Its functionality is similar to that of MSC/VLR but is typically used for Packet Switched (PS) services 5. Gateway GSN GGSN functionality is close to that of GMSC but is in relation to PS services

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Interfaces
1. 2. 3. Cu interface This is the electrical interface between the USIM smartcard and the ME. The interface follows a standard format for smartcards. Uu interface It is the WCDMA radio interface The UE accesses the fixed part of the system through this interface Iu interface It connects UTRAN to the CN the open Iu interface gives UMTS operators the possibility of acquiring UTRAN and CN from different manufacturers
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4. 5.

Iur interface The open Iur interface allows soft handover between RNCs Iub interface It connects a Node B and an RNC UMTS is the first commercial mobile telephony system where the ControllerBase Station interface is standardised as a fully open interface

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Radio Access Network [1]

1. Radio Network Controller It is responsible for control of the radio resources in its area One RNC can control multiple Node Bs Its functionality is equivalent to BSC in GSM/GPRS RNCs are more intelligent than BSCs RNCs can autonomously handles handovers without involving MSCs and SGSNs RNCs are interconnected using the Iur Interface

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Radio Access Network [2]

2. Node B It is responsible for air interface L1 processing Also performs some RRM function such as inner loop power control It is equivalent to BTS in GSM/GPRS Node Bs are typically collocated with GSM BTSs The enigmatic term Node B was initially adopted as a temporary term during the standardization process, but then never changed

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General Protocol Model for UTRAN

Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol User Plane Data Stream(s)

Transport Network Layer

Transport Network User Plane

Transport Network Control Plane ALCAP(s)

Transport Network User Plane

Signalling Bearer(s)

Signalling Bearer(s)

Data Bearer(s)

Physical Layer

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