Mobile Evolutions From GSM to UMTS

Dr. Shawki Shaaban

Revolution OR Evolution
Revolution: Building a new network from nothing

Evolution Building a new network by modification or upgrade the old one

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European Evolution Branch

HSUPA HSDPA UMTS EDGE Voice (PS) & Data ( PS) GPRS

LTE

HSCSD

Voice (CS) & Data ( PS)

GSM
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Voice (CS) & Data (CS)

GSM Architecture
Um Interface UHF(890-980MHz) 270.38 kbps
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Microwave Link 2.048Mbps

Mobil Equipment (MS)=ME+SIM

Mobil Switch Central (MSC)

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GSM Architecture (BSS)

BTS A bis

BTS

BSC

A sub

TRAX

BTS MS BTS=Base Transceiver Subsystem BSC=Base Station Control TRAX=Trans_coder Rate Adaptive Unit MSC

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Mobile Station (MS)

SIM

Mobile Equipment

TE

TA

MT

Um To BSS Interface

SIM = Subscriber Identity Mobile TE = Terminal Equipment Mt = Mobile Termination TA = Terminal Adaptation
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Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

HLR
D

Auth
F

EIR C GMSC

MSC
B VLR

Other Network

MSC = Mobile Switched Center GMSC= Gateway MSC HLR= Home Location Register (ROM)

VLR = Visitor Location Register (VLR) AUC= Authentication Center EIR= Equipment Identity Register

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Evolution on GSM networks

HLR D AUC F

EIR
C

GMSC

TO DATA NETWORK

MSC
B VLR

GMSC

GSM inter working Function : an new interface to the data

communication networks
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Evolution on GSM networks

HLR D AUC F

EIR
C

GMSC

MSC
B

GMSC

VAS VLR

Value Added Services : Simple plat form to support certain services as SMS , voice mail ..
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Evolution via GSM networks

HLR D AUC F EIR C GMSC GMSC

MSC
B

VAS VLR MXE

Massage Center : Handle some services as SMS , voice mail , fax , mail ..
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Evolution via GSM networks

HLR
D

AUC
F

EIR
C

GMSC

MSC
B

GMSC

MSN VLR

VAS MXE

Mobile Services Node (MSN): Handle the IN (intelligent network services )

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Evolution via GSM networks

HLR D AUC EIR GMSC

MSC
B

C GMSC

MSN VLR IN

VAS MXE

Intelligent Network : plat for to add a new services with only software no extra hardware As example : Pre-Paid subscription
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Evolution on GSM networks (GSM 1800)

GSM 900 Uplink band Downlink band Channel BW Max users / cluster O/P Power Max cell size (890-915) MHZ (935-960) MHZ 200 KHZ 125 Class (4) = 2 watt 35 Km GSM 1800 (1710-1785) MHZ (1805-1880) MHZ 200 KHZ 375 Class (5) = 0.8 watt 8 KM

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Evolution via GSM networks (GSM 1800)

The effect on the network : With higher frequencies,transmitted power must be smaller. With new frequency band, new oscillator frequencies are required. Lowering the transmitted power, result in decreasing the cell size and increasing the number of cells.
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Evolution on GSM networks (HSCSD)

Theoretical rate 76.8 Kbps (9.6Kbps * 8 time slots), Piratical rate 57.6 Kbps (9.6Kbps * 6 time slots). HSCSD more than one time slot per user per frame (combine time slot).

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Evolution on GSM networks (HSCSD)

T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

One Time Slot = 9.6 Kbps in GSM phased 1 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

One Time Slot = 14.4 Kbps in GSM phased 2+

GSM Phased 1 Max rate is (9.6 * 6 time slot) Kbps GSM phased 2+ Max rate is (14.4 * 4 time slots) Kbps

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Effect on the GSM networks

Complete up date software Disadvantages of HSCSD:
Limited number of users Complicated Handover process Radio network interface is occupied while users are online or not, this means high cost with no useful.

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What is new in the GPRS?

Higher bit rate (up to 170 Kbps). More band efficiency (combined time slots for download direction). Billing is based on the amount of transmitted data transmission not on transmission time.

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GPRS concept
GPRS is packet oriented
The data is not continually transmitted over a connected line The data is transmitted in the form of packed based on packet protocol and internet protocol (IP).

Data rate is 115.2 Kbps (14.4 * 8 time slot ).

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GPRS concept
New channel coding schemes :
CS1
Min. rate. (1 time slot) Max rate. (8 time slots) Coding Time for Sendinga a file of 300 kB.

CS2 13.4 107.2

Convolutional

CS3 15.6 124.8

Convolutional

CS4 21.4 171.2

Non_Convol utional

9.05 72.4
Convolutional

(4-33)s

(2.8-22)s

(2.4-20)s

(1.7-14)s

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GPRS Architecture
SGSN = Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN = Gateway GPRS Support Node PCU = Packet Control Unit

CS (Voice)

PS Data PCU

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GPRS Terminal
Class A
GSM and GPRS at the same time During a call transmit data

Class B
Alternately GSM or GPRS.

Class C
Only transmit GSM or GPRS When user make a call the data will transfer to mail as example.
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EDGE features
Practical data rate of 384 Kbps with theoretical one up to 473.9 Kbps.
This is increase the spectrum efficiency and enhanced application such as wireless internet and e-mail

New modulation technique and new coding scheme.

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New modulation technique

EDGE(8-ary PSK)

GPRS (GMSK)

Bit by bit
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3 bits by 3 bits
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New modulation technique

GPRS Modulation Symbol Rate Modulation bit rate Radio data rate User data rate User data rate GMSK 270 k symbol /second 270 kbps 22.8 kbps / 1 time slot 20 kbps / 1 time slot 160 kbps / 8 time slot EDGE 8-PSK 270 k symbol / second 810 kbps 69.2 kbps / 1 time slot 57.2 kbps / 1 time slot 473.6 kbps / 8 time slot

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New coding Schemes

GPRS

EDGE

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EDGE Architecture

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EDGE Performance
Spectral Efficiency

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EDGE Performance
Average packet bit rate

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why 4G is needed ???

Not enough capacity for full multimedia. High cost. Multimedia application are enablers for broadband services with either real time (e.g. video telephony) and non real time (e.g. internet access, file transfer) requirement.

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GPRS Architecture Time table for 4G

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Evolution from 3G to 4G
3G 4G

3.5G (3G+)

UMTS

CDMA2000

WCDMA-HSDPA

Cdma2000-DO ( Data Only) Cdma2000-DV (Data and Voice)

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What is new in HSDPA ???

New Data Rate

Up to 10 Mbps

Higher Spectral Efficiency

More user can chare the network

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HSDPA CONCEPT
Support voice on DCH and high speed data on high speed downlink shared channel (HSDSCH).

Adaptive Modulation And Coding (AMC)

Adaptive Hybrid ARQ

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Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

Modulation Format

QPSK 16QAM 64QAM

Coding Format

2 bps 4 bps 8 bps

R 1/3 Turbo codes R Turbo Codes R Turbo codes

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Efficiency = 33% Efficiency = 50% Efficiency = 75%

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Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

Coding

Modulation
QPSK
16QAM 64QAM

Rate
2 Mbps
4 Mbps 8 Mbps

MAX Rate

64QAM with Rate Turbo code

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10 Mbps
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Hybrid ARQ
ARQ depend on channel condition
Add redundancy when need. Receiver saves failed transmission attempts to help decoding. Every transmission helps to increase the packet success probability.

Stop and wait protocol.

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Another Concepts for HSDPA

Shorter TTL (Transmission Time Interval)
Can share more user on the same time slot when the user in an integrated voice.

Basic principles for signaling for HSDPA

Downlink: detect the code, modulation, interference and QoS By HS-DSCH then detect the time structure by DPCH THEN DETECT THE ttl FOR HS-DSCH. Uplink: measuring the HARQ , TTL of HD-DSCH and recover the parameter of AMC

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Effect on the Network Infra-Structure

New physical layer structure for use the HSDSCH. Adding the new modulation technique (16QAM , 64QAM). Adding the new encoding and decoding turbo code technique. Complete software update to achieve all the new adaptation concepts.
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Some of feature of HSDPA

Update fir WCDMA High bit rate in same bandwidth 5 MHz AMC , Turbo Code , H-ARQ Error correction near theoretical limit The first step for 4G

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Summary of 4G

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New technology in 4G
OFDM based on MC-CDMA transmission Multiple Tx /Rx (MIMO) AMC , H-ARQ , LDPC Coding and Turbo Advanced syn and softer handover All IP based network Multiple Access for IP QoS

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All IP network
Reason for IP:
Growth of internet creates demand. Voice can be more efficiently on IP. Reduce operation cost. Marriage between Internet and telecom. Support of new services. Faster implementation of new services.

4G uses a MIPV6, it is an updated version for MIPV6 which used in UMTS

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What is mobile IP ???

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What is mobile IP ???

Internet IP ( Static IP):
1 1

2 3

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What is mobile IP???

The mobility problem is the problem that MIP seeks to solve

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Mobile IP version 4 (MIPV4)

MIPV4 Mobile Node Home Agent Foreign Agent

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Mobile IP version 4 (MIPV4)

Mobile Node
A node that moves from a sub-net to another sub-net and its IP address is called home address

Correspondent Node (CN)

Is the host with which the mobile node is trying to communicate on the internet

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Mobile IP version 4 (MIPV4)

Home Agent
The sub-net to which the home address belongs

Foreign Network
The new sub-net that the mobile node move to it

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Mobile IP version 4 (MIPV4)

So there are no need to change the IP internet protocol All net protocol as it is
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Mobile IP version 6 (MIPV6)

MIPV6 is an evolution of MIPV4
The main evolution is that the foreign agent no longer exists

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Effect of IP on the network

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Multi-carrier CDMA(MC-CDMA)

MS-CDMA CDMA OFDM

Combination between OFDM and CDMA

The main aim of using the MC-CDMA in the 4G wireless communication system for best use of the spectrum
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OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

it is a technique that divides the spectrum into a number of equally spaced orthogonal tones and carries a portion of uses information on each tone. It can be:
Modulation technique
Multiple Access technique

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OFDM as modulation technique

IF 100 TONES SYSTEM
Data input with rate 1Mbps 100 parallel stream at rate of 10Kbps Modulation & mapped the Stream to unique frequency

In the example Rate decrease by 100

Band width will decrease by 100

But the total rate as it is because we transmit the data parallel

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OFDM as a multiple access OFDMA

An individual tone or groups of tones can be assigned to different users. So we can share to users with same bandwidth (More efficient).

The user can be assigned a predetermine number of tones when they information to send And the assignments are controlled by the media access control (MAC) layer based on the user demand .

Also OFDM can use as FH technique by change the tones group every modulation symbol.
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precautions in using OFDM

Orthogonal tone. The symbol time contains one or multiple cycles of each sinusoidal waveform to maintain orthogonality.

The peak of each tone corresponds to a zero or null of every other tone.

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Combine OFDM with CDMA

After the OFDM process the CDMA coding is applied across the carriers.
CDMA will applied here

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Mobility Management in IPV6

128 bit address space (large address). High quality support for real time. Faster packet delivery. Smooth hand off.

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4G Architecture

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4G Architecture

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THANKS !
COPYRIGHTS RESERVED

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