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- Di tc dng ca lc bn ngoi, th d:
s chnh lch p sut, cht lu c th chuyn ng. Nghin cu chuyn ng ny l i tng ca c hc cht lu.
1.1 Lu lng.
- Chuyn ng ca cht lu c t trng bi dng chy. - Dng chy c th l mt pha hoc nhiu pha. - Tnh cht vt l ca dng chy ti mt im c th thay i hoc khng thay i theo thi gian. - thun li cho vic m t v c bit l cho vic so snh gia cc dng chy khc nhau, trong c hc cht lu thng s dng cc i lng khng th nguyn, iu ny cho php gim s thng s ca dng chy.
- i vi nhng iu kin gii hn hon ton ging nhau v hnh hc, hai dng chy khng nn v ng nhit c coi l ging nhau nu chng c thng s Reynolds bng nhau. tho mn iu kin Re1 = Re2 th: U1 x D1 / v1 = U2 x D2 / v2
Nh vy, nu bit vn tc u1 im cch thnh ng ca ng th nht mt khong x1 th c th xc nh vn tc u2 thnh ng ca ng th hai mt khong x2 = x1(D2/D1) t biu thc: U1 / u1 = U2 / u2 Cng nh vy, c th coi u1 / U1 l hm ca s Reynolds: u1 / U1 = f(Re) Ni mt cch tng qut, mi i lng khng th nguyn lin quan n dng chy u c th biu din di dng hm s ph thuc vo s Reynolds ca dng chy .
Trong trng hp phc tp hn khi nhit v khi lng ring thay i, s thng s cn thit c m t mt i lng A b sung s tng ln. Th d, vi cht kh c vn tc ln: A = f(Re,Ma) Trong : Ma = U1/c, c = rT l vn tc m vi = Cp / Cv (t s gia nhit dung ring p sut khng i v th tch c nh, trong khng kh =1,4). r l hng s ca cht kh l tng v T l nhit tuyt i.
Trn thc t, cc cm bin da trn mt nguyn tc hot ng nhng v k thut th khng ging nhau khi dng cho dng chy l cht kh hoc cht lng.
o lu lng c tm quan trng c bit trong cc mng li vn chuyn cht lu (ng dn kh, ng dn du) v trong mi thit b cng nghip khi cn khng ch lng cht lu tham gia vo cc qu trnh nh l phn ng ho hc, nh my sn xut nng lng, ng c t trong. a) Lu lng k in t:
a) Lu lng k in t:
Nguyn l Khi cho on dy M1M2 chiu di l chuyn ng tnh tin trong trng cm ng t B vi vn tc U trong khong thi gian dt, c th vit biu thc cho cc i lng c bn sau y: Din tch ct: dSc = l.U sin.dt Hoc di dng vect : dSc = l ^ U. dt
a) Lu lng k in t:
T thng b ct : dc = B dSc.dt Sut in ng cm ng: e = - dc / dt = B ^ U. l Khi U vung gc vi l v B vung gc vi mt phng to bi l v B ta c: e = B. l. U Cng thc ny c th tng kt ha cho trng hp cht lu dn in chy trong ng ng ng knh D c vn tc U vung gc vi B: sut in ng cm ng dc theo ng knh vung gc vi U v B c dng:
e = B. l. U Trn thc t vn tc thay i ty v tr ca im trn bn knh ng, nhng n phn b quanh trc ca ng, cho nn U o c l vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy. Trong nhng iu kin nh vy, tn hiu e t l vi lu lng.
a) Lu lng k in t:
Cu to ca cm bin: T trng t 10-3 10-2 T c to ra bng cch dng hai cun dy t hai pha ng ng. ng ng dn c lm bng vt liu khng t tnh, mt bn trong ng c ph cht cch in hai in cc ly tn hiu t hai u ng knh vung gc vi ng sc ca t trng. Cc cun dy c nui bng ngun xoay chiu tn s 30 Hz. Tn hiu thu c u ra c dng: e = UDB0 .cos( t + ) Trong B0 l tr cc i ca cm ng t B0 = Bmax l tn s ca cm ng t. Bin ca tn hiu t l vi U v c tr c mV.
a) Lu lng k in t:
a) Lu lng k in t:
Cc c trng. Cc cht lu phi c dn in khng nh hn c Scm-1. L do l bi v in tr trong ca cm bin phi nh hn rt nhiu so vi in tr vo ca thit b o. Phm vi o ca lu lng k in t l hm ca ng knh ng dn. ng knh cng rng th gii hn thp v cao cng dch chuyn v pha lu lng ln.
a) Lu lng k in t:
chnh xc ca lu lng k t c 1%. u im ca lu lng k in t l ch vic o c khng ph thuc vo c tnh vt l ca cht lu (nh mt , nht, dn in vi iu kin n phi ln hn mt vi Scm-1 ). Ngoi ra, thit b ny c kh nng chng n mn bng cch chn lp ph v kim loi in cc thch hhp (Ti, Pt).
Lu lng k loi ny c cu to gm mt phao nh t trong ng thng ng hnh nn. trng thi cn bng phao chu tc dng ca ba lc ch yu l lc y Archimede, lc cn v trng lng. Trng thi cn bng ny c biu din bi phng trnh:
b) Lu lng k c dng chuyn i in Khi xc nh theo ngng, cm bin a ra tn hiu dng nh phn cho bit thng tin v tnh trng hin ti mc ngng c t hay khng. V tr ca phao c xc nh sao cho vn tc ca U c biu din bi biu thc (ti iu kin cn bng ca cc lc tc dng ln phao):
ng knh D ca ng dn thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu cao z: D = D0 + az Cho nn biu thc ca lu lng c dng:
o lu lng, cch n gin nht l chia trc tip trn ng thy tinh. tin x l kt qu o, c th ni phao vi mt chic cn nh c lin h c vi li ca bin th vi sai chuyn tn hiu c thnh tn hiu in. Tn hiu in ny s t l vi lu lng cn o.
c. Lu lng k l chn
L chn chu lc tc dng ca dng chy, trng lng v phn lc ca l xo. V tr cn bng ca l chn ph thuc vo lu lng ca cht lu. Tn hiu c trong trng hp ny c th chuyn thnh tn hiu in bng cch dng in k c trc gn lin vi trc ca l chn. u im ca lu lng k dng l chn l r tin v chc chn.
Cc cm bin nhit c th l cp nhit hoc nhit k in tr. Nu l hai in tr nhit th chng lm thnh hai nhnh k nhau ca cu Wheatstone, hai nhnh khc l hai in tr c gi tr khng i. in p khng cn bng trn cu s l tn hiu o.
d. Lu lng k khi lng nhit Trng hp trn hnh v, chc nng nung nng v o T thc hin bng hai in tr nhit c dng in ln chy qua.
PHN II: ng Dng Cm Bin Lu Lng Trong Ngnh C Kh T 2.1. Cm bin lu lng
ng c s dng b ch ha kh c in, lng xng c cung cp qua cc gicl ty theo s chnh lch p sut trong ng ng np, tc l ty theo mc ht kh ca ng c. Vic nh lng nh th s khng c hon ho. Vi H Thng Phun Xng, lu lng khng kh thc t np vo xylanh l mt thng s cn bn cn c o lin tc c xc nh lng nhin liu ti u cn cung cp cho ng c.
2.1. Cm bin lu lng 1. H thng phun xng vi lu lng k: H Thng Phun Xng loi ny c trang b mt thit b o lu lng cho php o trc tip th tch hay khi lng khng kh lu thng trong ng ng np. Thng tin v lu lng kh c cung cp cho b iu khin trung tm di dng tn hiu in lm c s tnh ton thi gian phun.
a. Lu lng k th tch:
Thit b ny lm vic theo nguyn V d: Bosch L tc o lc ca dng kh tc ng ln Jetronic, Bosch mt ca o quay quanh mt trc lp Motronic. trn ng np. Gc quay ca ca ph thuc lu lng kh np v c xc nh bi mt in th k. Nh vy, thit b s cung cp mt tn hiu in t l vi lu lng kh cho b iu khin trung tm. tng chnh xc ca php o, ngi ta thng s dng thm mt nhit k o nhit khng kh trong qu trnh np.
b. Lu lng k khi lng kiu dy t nng: Hnh 2.3 gii thiu s mch o dng cu in tr. Dy t nng c in tr Rh l mt phn ca cu o. Cu c gi cn bng thng qua mt mch t nng dy nhm duy tr nhit khng i ( tc l in tr ca dy). Khi c lu lng khng kh, dy o s b lm ngui bi dng kh, nhit v in tr s gim dn n s mt cn bng trong cu in tr. Khi mch iu chnh s t thay i cng dng in t nng dy thit lp li s cn bng ban u. Nh vy c mt quan h gia cng dng in t nng dy o v lu lng khng kh.
b. Lu lng k khi lng kiu dy t nng: Qu trnh iu chnh ny c thc hin kh nhanh (vi ms) do dy o c kch thc rt nh. T , lu lng k ny c mt u im quan trng: cc xung ng p sut trn ng np, nht l ch ton ti, tn s ln hn thi gian p ng ca cu o v khng gy nh hng n php o lu lng. Nh , lu lng k loi ny lm vic kh n nh. in p o Um c ly t in tr o chnh xc R3. Cc gi tr in tr ca dy o v R3 c chn sao cho cng dng in t nng dy nm trong phm vi 500 1200 mA.
c. Lu lng k khi lng kiu tm t nng: Thit b ny hoot ng theo cng mt nguyn l nh loi dng dy t. Tuy nhin phn t o c s dng y l cc tm c in tr ph thuc nhit , cho php tng chnh xc v tui th lm vic ca lu lng k.
2. 2 H thng phun xng vi lu lng k dng hiu ng Karman. 1. Lu lng k kiu Karman vortex (dng sng siu m) Nguyn tc chung ca loi thit b o ny l to ra nhng vng xoy lc ca khng kh trong ng np khu vc o. Tn s ca cc chuyn ng xoy lc t l vi lu lng khng kh v s c xc nh bi mt thit b dng sng siu m hoc mt cm bin p sut.
S nguyn l lm vic ca thit b ny c trnh by trn hnh 2.5. Khng kh np trc khi i vo khu vc o c a qua mt b phn hng dng dng t ong, c tc dng lm ng nht dng chy trnh cc chuyn ng ri hoc xoy lc ban u lm nh hng n chnh xc ca php o.
Tip , dng kh np s c chia thnh hai lung nh mt b phn phn dng c tit din tam gic t gia ng np. Di tc dng ca tm phn dng ny, cc vng xoy Karman s c lun phin to ra hai bn tm, vi chiu xoy ngc nhau. S lng cc vng xoy c to ra t l vi tc dng kh qua khu vc o.
Mt my pht t thnh ng np s pht sng siu m c tn s xc nh theo hng vung gc vi dng kh (hng knh ca ng). Mt thit b lp thnh ng i din s tip nhn cc sng truyn ti v gi tn hiu o n b x l iu khin trung tm. Khi cha c dng chy khng kh, tc l khi cha c cc chuyn ng xoy Karman, thi gian lan truyn ca sng siu m qua ng l khng i. Ngc li s c mt ca cc vng xoy khng kh s lm tng hoc gim tc lan truyn ca sng qua ng, ty theo chiu xoy
Nh vy thi gian lan truyn sng t my pht n my thu s c dng hnh sin. Mch o s gi mt xung vung n b x l iu khin trung tm mi khi tn hiu hnh sin i qua mt cc tiu. Tn s cc xung vung t l vi lu lng kh np, s c x l xc nh thi gian phun xng.
CHN THNH CM N !