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TN DUNG
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I. Khai nim va ac iem tn dng (TD): 1. Khai nim: S van ong cua TD bieu hien qua s o: GT chuyen giao (T) NGI NGI GT hoan tra (T+t) I VAY CHO VAY (sau mot thi gian) Trong o t la tien lai (li tc TD). Cac khai niem: - TD la s van ong von t ni tha en ni thieu.

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- TD la s vay mn gia ngi i vay va ngi cho vay, tren c s thoa thuan ve thi gian n va tien lai. - TD la s chuyen nhng quyen s dung von t ngi s hu sang ngi s dung trong mot khoan thi gian va vi mot khoan chi ph nhat nh.

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2. ac iem - Ch chuyen nhng quyen s dung, khong lam thay oi quyen s hu von. - Thong thng, quyen s dung von c chuyen nhng co thi han. - Chu s hu von c hng li tc TD.

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III. Cac hnh thc TD c ban 1. TD thng mai (TDTM) - Khai nim: TDTM la quan he TD gia cac nha SXKD c thc hien di hnh thc mua ban chu hang hoa. - ac iem cua TDTM: + Cho vay di hnh thc hang hoa. Khi ti han, n c hoan tra di hnh thc tien te. + Chu the tham gia quan he TD la cac nha SXKD. + S van ong va phat trien cua TDTM phu hp vi qua trnh phat trien cua SX va lu thong hang hoa (ong bien).

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- Cong c cua TDTM la ky phieu thng mai hay con goi la thng phieu (Commercial paper, Bill of exchange). Thng phieu (TP) la chng ch co gia ghi nhan lenh yeu cau thanh toan hay cam ket thanh toan khong ieu kien mot so tien xac nh trong mot thi gian nhat nh.

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No. 12345/2007 For US$32,829.00

BILL OF EXCHANGE Ho Chi Minh City, August 12, 2007

At 90 days after sight of this FIRST Bill of Exchange (SECOND of the same tenor and date being unpaid) pay to the order of Asia Commercial Bank the sum of UNITED STATES DOLLARS THIRTY TWO THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED TWENTY NINE ONLY. Drawn under Irrevocable L/C No. 12345 dated July 12, 2007 issued by Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi For and on Behalf of Cholonimex (Authorized Signature) Thai Duc Tuan TO: BANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI TOKYO, JAPAN Thai Duc Tuan
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- TP co 3 tnh chat quan trong: + Tnh tru tng: Tren TP khong ghi nguyen nhan a en quan he TD cung nh cach tnh toan mc n TD phat sinh.

+ Tnh bat buc: Khi TP en han thanh toan, ngi nhan n khong c vien bat ky ly do g e khong thanh toan n hoac tr hoan viec tra n (thanh toan khong ieu kien).

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+ Tnh lu thong: Trong thi gian TP cha en han thanh toan, no co the c chuyen nhng gia cac the nhan, phap nhan; hoac em en NHTM e chiet khau; hoac NHTM em en NHTW e tai chiet khau.

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Tuy nhien, ngi s hu TP muon chuyen nhng cho ngi khac phai thc hien thu tuc ky hau chuyen nhng tren mat sau cua no. Khi o, ngi cuoi cung gi TP se la ngi c hng so tien ghi tren TP. Nh thu tuc ky hau, khi TP b t choi tra tien, ngi cuoi cung gi TP co c s phap ly e truy oi ngi a ky chuyen nhng TP cho mnh. Ngi b truy oi lai truy oi tiep

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Ghi chu: Chiet khau TP la mot nghiep vu TD ngan han, trong o khach hang chuyen nhng TP cha en han thanh toan cho NHTM e nhan mot so tien bang menh gia TP tr lai chiet khau va hoa hong ph. Khi en han thanh toan, NH se tien hanh thu n con n (ngi b ky phat neu la hoi phieu, hoac ngi phat hanh neu la lenh phieu).

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Chiet khau TP khong thuan tuy la hanh vi mua ban TP, v neu NH khong oi n c con n th co the quay lai oi n ngi xin chiet khau trc ay, hoac bat ky ai co tham gia vao viec chuyen nhng TP trc ngi xin chiet khau. Nh vay, chiet khau TP la mot hp ong c phep truy oi.

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- Phan loai thng phieu (TP): Can c vao ngi lap, TP c chia thanh: + Hoi phieu (HP): la chng ch co gia do ngi ky phat lap yeu cau ngi b ky phat thanh toan khong ieu kien mot so tien xac nh khi co yeu cau hoac vao mot thi gian nhat nh trong tng lai cho ngi thu hng. + Lenh phieu (LP): la chng ch co gia do ngi phat hanh lap cam ket thanh toan khong ieu kien mot so tien xac nh khi co yeu cau hoac vao mot thi gian nhat nh trong tng lai cho ngi thu hng.

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 Ghi chu: * Ngi ky phat: la ngi lap va ky ten phat hanh HP, cu the la ngi ban, chu n. * Ngi b ky phat: la ngi co trach nhiem thanh toan so tien ghi tren HP, cu the la ngi mua, con n. * Ngi phat hanh: la ngi lap va ky ten phat hanh LP, cu the la ngi mua, con n. * Ngi thu hng: la ngi co ten tren TP va c nhan thanh toan so tien ghi tren TP, hoac ngi cuoi cung nhan chuyen nhng TP.

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 * Chap nhan HP: HP do ngi ky phat lap yeu cau ngi b ky phat tra mot so tien, do o ngi b ky phat phai thc hien thu tuc chap nhan neu ho that s co n. Chap nhan HP la s cam ket tra tien cua ngi b ky phat, c thc hien bang cach ngi b ky phat ghi tren HP: chap nhan, so tien chap nhan, ngay ky chap nhan, ky ten.

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- Phan loai hoi phieu: + HP tra tien ngay: gan vi mua ban tra tien ngay. Ngi b ky phat tra tien khi co yeu cau (khi thay HP). + HP co ky han: gan vi mua ban chu. Ngi b ky phat lap thu tuc chap nhan khi thay HP va se tra tien khi HP en han thanh toan.

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 - Tac dung cua TDTM: + Tao ieu kien ay nhanh qua trnh mua ban hang hoa, qua o phat trien SXKD. + Tham gia ieu tiet von tha thieu gia cac nha SXKD. + Gop phan tiet kiem tien nh tnh chat lu thong cua thng phieu.

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- Hn che cua TD thng mai: + Quy mo TD thng la nho. + Thi han TD thng la ngan (khong the ban chu trong thi han qua lau se anh hng en luan chuyen von cua ngi ban). + Phng hng TD hep (ngi mua phai co nhu cau ve gia tr s dung cua hang hoa ban chu). + Han che ve pham vi: TDTM ch xay ra gia cac DN tn nhiem lan nhau.

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2. Tn dung ngan hang (TDNH): - Khai niem: TDNH la quan he TD gia NH vi cac the nhan, phap nhan khac. Quan he TDNH the hien qua khau huy ong von va cho vay von. - c iem: + i tng TD: vn bng tin. + Chu the TD: NH va cac the nhan, phap nhan trong nen KT. + S van ong cua TDNH khong hoan toan phu hp vi quy mo phat trien cua SX va lu thong hang hoa. ac iem nay xuat phat t ngoai viec ap ng NH nhu cau von e SX va lu thong hang hoa, TDNH con cho vay von ap ng nhieu nhu cau khac cua KT va i song.

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- Phan loai: + Can c thi han TD, co: * TD ngan han (khong qua 1 nam). * TD trung han (tren 1 nam en 5 nam). * TD dai han (tren 5 nam). + Can c muc ch s dung von, co: * TD phuc vu SX lu thong hang hoa, chia thanh TD von lu ong va TD von co nh. * TD tieu dung.

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- u iem cua TDNH: + Nh vao viec huy ong von ma NH tch luy c nguon von doi dao u sc cho vay vi quy mo von ln. + Nh c cau nguon von cua NH a dang (nguon von chu s hu; nguon von vay; nguon von tien gi vi cac ky han khac nhau) nen thi han cho vay cua TDNH cung rat a dang (ngan han, trung han, dai han). + Nh von TD la tien, nen TDNH co the au t vao bat c lnh vc KD nao. Vi cac u iem tren va vi u the ve mang li, s a dang ve nghiep vu hoat ong a lam cho TDNH tr thanh hnh thc TD chu ao trong he thong TD.

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3. TD nha nc (TDNN) - Khai niem: TDNN la quan he TD gia nha nc va cac chu the trong va ngoai nc. - TDNN the hien bang viec nha nc vay n qua phat hanh cac chng t co gia (cong trai, trai phieu, tn phieu), hoac qua cac hiep nh vay n vi chnh phu va cac to chc quoc te. - TDNN gop phan giai quyet tnh trang NSNN mat can oi tam thi (thu cha kp ap ng nhu cau chi) va ap ng nhu cau chi au t phat trien cua NSNN.

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4.Tn dung thue mua (Cho thue tai chnh - CTTC): Thoa thuan cho thue gom 2 hnh thc: cho thue van hanh (operating lease) va cho thue TC (finance lease). CTTC la mot hoat ong TD trung va dai han thong qua viec cho thue tai san, trong o hp ong cho thue phai am bao yeu cau chuyen giao phan ln rui ro va li ch gan vi quyen s hu tai san t ben cho thue sang ben i thue. Trong thc te, s phan nh gia CTTC va cho thue van hanh khong co ranh gii ro ret v kho xac nh the nao la chuyen giao phan ln rui ro va li ch.

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 e giai quyet kho khan tren, theo Uy ban tieu chuan ke toan quoc te (IASC), neu bat ky mot tieu chuan nao la CO th hp ong c phan loai la CTTC:

+ TC 1: Quyen s hu c KHONG chuyen giao khi het thi TC1 CO han cho thue. KHONG TC2 + TC 2: Hp ong co quy CO nh quyen la chon mua. KHONG + TC 3: Thi gian thue TC3 CO bang phan ln thi gian TC4 KHONG hu dung cua TS. CHO THUE CHO THUE + TC 4: Hien gia cua cac VAN HANH TAI CHNH khoan tien thue gan bang gia tr tai san.
CO
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V du 1: (Ta VN) DNA la chon thiet b X. DNA e ngh Cty CTTC mua thiet b X e cho DNA thue. Gia thiet b X: 100.000 USD. Thi han s dung c tnh: 10 nam. Thi han thue: 6 nam. Cuoi hp ong thue, DNA c la chon: - Mua thiet b X vi gia 10.000 USD hoac - Tra thiet b X cho Cty CTTC. Thong thng DNA chon mua thiet b X.

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VD 2: Cong ty CTTC cho DNA thue tai san tr gia 37.900.000, lai suat 10% nam, thi han 5 nam. Cuoi moi nam, DNA phai tra mot khoan tien thue eu nhau la X ong. Cuoi hp ong, tai san thue thuoc quyen s hu cua DNA.
X X X ... 37 .900 .000 1 2 5 (1 10 %) (1 10 %) (1 10 %) X 9.997 .924 10 .000 .000

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BANG PHAN TCH HACH TOAN SO 1

NH KY (1) 1 TS N AU KY (2) 37.900.000 TIEN THANH TOAN (3) 10.000.000 LAI (4) 3.790.000 GOC (5) 6.210.000 TS N CON LAI (6) 31.690.000

2
3 4 5 CONG

31.690.000
24.859.000 17.345.000 9.080.000 /

10.000.000
10.000.000 10.000.000 10.000.000 50.000.000

3.169.000
2.486.000 1.735.000 920.000 12.100.000
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6.831.000
7.514.000 8.265.000 9.080.000 37.900.000

24.859.000
17.345.000 9.080.000 / /
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 Theo bang phan tch hach toan so 1, lai c tnh tren so d von tn dung (TS n con lai). Ta co the lap bang phan tch hach toan theo phng phap tnh lai tren so von goc a hoan tra.

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BANG PHAN TCH HACH TOAN SO 2

NH KY (1) TIEN THANH TOAN (2) GOC (3) TS N CON LAI (4) SO NAM CHU LAI (5)

LAI (6) 910.000 1.740.000 2.490.000 3.170.000 3.790.000 12.100.000

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1 2 3 4 5
CONG

10.000.000 10.000.000 10.000.000 10.000.000 10.000.000 50.000.000

9.090.000 8.260.000 7.510.000 6.830.000 6.210.000 37.900.000

28.810.000 20.550.000 13.040.000 6.210.000 / /

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1 2 3 4 5 /

Ghi chu: * Von goc c hoan tra cuoi nam 1 la: 10.000.000/(1+10%) = 9.090.000 Lai = 10.000.000 9.090.000 = 910.000 (# 9.090.000 x 10% = 909.000) * Von goc c hoan tra cuoi nam 2 la: 10.000.000/(1+10%) = 8.260.000 Lai = 10.000.000 8.260.000 = 1.740.000 (# 8.260.000 [(1+10%)-1] = 1.734.600) * Von goc c hoan tra cuoi nam 3 la: 10.000.000/(1+10%) = 7.510.000 Lai = 10.000.000 7.510.000 = 2.490.000 (# 7.510.000 [(1+10%)-1] = 2.485.000)
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VD 4: Cong ty CTTC cho DNA thue TS tr gia 40.000 USD; thi gian cho thue 3 nam; lai suat 10% nam; tien thue tra vao au moi nam; tien thue nam sau bang 1,1 lan tien thue nam trc; gia ban TS cuoi hp ong thue 13.310 USD. Hay tnh tien thue cua tng nam va lap bang phan tch hach toan vi lai tnh tren TS n con lai.

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