Agenda

State Machine Types of State Machine Rising Edge detector Sequence detector Vending machine BCD counter State Encoding Lift Controller FSM Stepper Motor Controller FSM

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State Encoding
State assignment is process of assigning binary values to states in such a way, so as to reduce the cost of combinational circuit that drives the flip-flops It does not affect the function of state machine, hence can be selected by synthesis tool. But the way you encode the states can have a major effect on the amount of hardware you need to implement the machine.

A poor choice of codes results in a state machine that uses too much logic, or is too slow, or both.
Some of the encoding strategies are : Binary Gray One hot

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State Encoding
If state is defined as type state_type is ( s0,s1,s2,s3);

Following state coding is obtained for different variants

STATE VECTORS STATE S0 S1 S2 S3 Binary 00 01 10 11 Gray 00 01 11 10 One-hot 0001 0010 0100 1000 Almost one-hot 0000 0001 0010 0100

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3-floor lift Lift can be in any floor Si - in floor I Request can come from any floor ri - request from floor I Lift can be asked to move up or down uj,dj - up/down to jth floor

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Stepper Motor Controller FSM

Ang 0 Ang 45 MoveCW Ang 335

MoveCCW

Ang 270

Ang 90

Ang 225

Ang 135

Ang 180
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Library IEEE; use IEEE.STD_Logic_1164.all; use IEEE.Numeric_STD.all; package CONST_GRAY_STATE_ENCODE_TYPES is constant Ang_0 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 0010; constant Ang_45 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 0110; constant Ang_90 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 0111; constant Ang_135 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 0101; constant Ang_180 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 0100; constant Ang_225 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 1100; constant Ang_270 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 1101; constant Ang_315 : unsigned(3 downto 0) := 1111; End package CONST_GRAY_STATE_ENCODE_TYPES;

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Library IEEE; use IEEE.STD_Logic_1164.all; use IEEE.Numeric_STD.all; use work. CONST_GRAY_STATE_ENCODE_TYPES.all;

entity step_motor is port ( clock, reset : in std_logic; PhysicalPosition : in unsigned( 3 downto 0); MoveCW, MoveCCW : in std_logic; NewPosition : out unsigned( 3 downto 0) ); end entity step_motor;

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architecture rtl of step_motor is signal CurrentState, NextState : unsigned(3 downto 0); begin Comb: process (PhysicalPosition , MoveCW, MoveCCW , CurrentState) begin case CurrentState is when Ang_0 => if ( MoveCW = 1 ) then NextState <= Ang_45; elsif (MoveCCW = 1 ) then NextState <= Ang_315; else NextState <= Ang_0; end if; when Ang_45 => -- complete the code as per FSM when Ang_ 90=> when Ang_135 => when Ang_180 => when Ang_225 => when Ang_270 => when Ang_315 => when others => NextState <= PhysicalPosition ; end case; end process Comb;
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sequential : process ( clock, reset, PhysicalPosition) begin if ( reset = 0) then CurrentState <= PhysicalPosition; elsif rising_edge(Clock) then CurrentState <= NextState; end if; end process; NewPosition <= CurrentState; End architecture RTL;

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