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Pulse Code Modulation Quantizing Encoding Analogue to Digital Conversion Bandwidth of PCM Signals
Chapter 3:
Huseyin Bilgekul Eeng360 Communication Systems I Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Eastern Mediterranean University
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1. 2.
Sampling operation generates a flat-top PAM signal. Quantizing operation approximates the analog values by using a finite number of levels. This operation is considered in 3 steps
a) Uniform Quantizer b) Quantization Error c) Quantized PAM signal output
3.
PCM signal is obtained from the quantized PAM signal by encoding each quantized sample value into a digital word.
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Sampling
Makes the signal discrete in time. If the analog input has a bandwidth of W Hz, then the minimum sample frequency such that the signal can be reconstructed without distortion.
ADC
Quantize
111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000
Quantization
Makes the signal discrete in amplitude. Round off to one of q discrete levels.
Encode
Encode
Maps the quantized values to digital words that are bits long. If the (Nyquist) Sampling Theorem is satisfied, then only quantization introduces distortion to the system.
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Quantization
The output of a sampler is still continuous in amplitude. Each sample can take on any value e.g. 3.752, 0.001, etc. The number of possible values is infinite. To transmit as a digital signal we must restrict the number of possible values. Quantization is the process of rounding off a sample according to some rule. E.g. suppose we must round to the nearest tenth, then: 3.752 --> 3.8 0.001 --> 0
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Uniform Quantization
Dynamic Range: (-8, 8)
Output sample XQ
7
3 1
-8
-6
-4
-2
-1 2
Input sample X
-3
-5
-7
Quantization Characteristic
Most ADCs use uniform quantizers. The quantization levels of a uniform quantizer are equally spaced apart. Uniform quantizers are optimal when the input distribution is uniform. When all values within the Dynamic Range of the quantizer are equally likely.
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Quantization Example
Analogue signal
Sampling TIMING
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M=8
Chart 1. Quantization and digitalization of a signal. Signal is quantized in 11 time points & 8 quantization segments.
Chart 2. Process of restoring a signal. PCM encoded signal in binary form: 101 111 110 001 010 100 111 100 011 010 101 Total of 33 bits were used to encode a signal Eeng 360 9
Encoding
The output of the quantizer is one of M possible signal levels.
If we want to use a binary transmission system, then we need to map each quantized sample into an n bit binary word.
M 2n , n log 2 ( M )
Encoding is the process of representing each quantized sample by an bit code word.
The mapping is one-to-one so there is no distortion introduced by encoding. Some mappings are better than others. A Gray code gives the best end-to-end performance. The weakness of Gray codes is poor performance when the sign bit (MSB) is received in error.
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Gray Codes
With gray codes adjacent samples differ only in one bit position. Example (3 bit quantization):
XQ
+7 +5 +3 +1 -1 -3 -5 -7
Natural coding
111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000
Gray Coding
110 111 101 100 000 001 011 010
With this gray code, a single bit error will result in an amplitude error of only 2. Unless the MSB is in error.
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M 2n
(c) Error Signal
n log 2 ( M )
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The objective of these circuits is to generate the PCM word. Parallel digital output obtained (from one of the above techniques) needs to be serialized before sending over a 2-wire channel This is accomplished by parallel-to-serial converters [Serial Input-Output (SIO) chip] UART,USRT and USART are examples for SIOs
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For PCM waveform generated by rectangular pulses, the First-null Bandwidth is:
Bpcm = R = nfs
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