Mr. Rumwald Leo G.

Lecaros, RCh School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Mapua Institute of Technology
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Daltons Atomic Theory Atoms and Molecules Structure of the atom Subatomic particles Atomic Number, Mass Number and Isotopes Ions and Ionic Compounds

Matter is composed of atoms.

Atoms
Composed of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Molecules
Combination of atoms.

Ions
Charged particles

John Dalton -1808 Postulates

1) An element is composed of extremely small, indivisible particles called atoms. 2) All atoms of a given element have identical properties that differ from those of other elements. 3) Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed into atoms of another element. 4) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with one another in small wholenumber ratios. 5) The relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.

Law of conservation of mass

Matter is conserved in chemical reactions

Law of constant composition

The elements that a compound is composed of are present in fixed and precise proportion by mass.

Law of multiple proportions

When the same elements can form two different compounds, the ratio of masses of one of the elements in the two compounds is a small whole number relative to a given mass of the other element.

Daltons atom had no features other than mass. Many discoveries have demonstrated that the atom is not featureless or indestructible, but is composed of other parts. (subatomic parts) J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford

First evidence for subatomic particles came from the study of the conduction of electricity by gases at low pressures.
J.J. Thomson, 1897 Rays emitted were called cathode rays Rays are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons. Electrons carry a negative charge (-1) and have a very small mass (1/2000 the lightest atomic mass)

J.J. Thomson modified the cathode ray tube in 1897 by adding two adjustable voltage electrodes.
Studied the amount that the cathode ray beam was deflected by additional electric field.

Thomson used his modification to measure the charge to mass ratio of electrons.
e/m = -1.75881 x 108 coulomb/g of e He named the cathode rays electrons discoverer of electrons TV sets and computer screens
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Robert A. Millikan won the 1stAmerican Nobel Prize in 1923 for his famous oil-drop experiment. In 1909 Millikan determined the charge and mass of the electron.

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Millikan determined that the charge on a single electron = -1.60218 x 10-19coulomb. Using Thomsons charge to mass ratio we get that the mass of one electron is 9.11x 10-28g.
e/m = -1.75881 x 108coulomb e = -1.60218 x 10-19coulomb Thus m = 9.10940 x 10-28g

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Eugene Goldstein noted streams of positively charged particles in cathode rays in 1886.
Particles move in opposite direction of cathode rays. Called Canal Rays because they passed through holes (channels or canals) drilled through the negative electrode.

Canal rays must be positive.

Goldstein postulated the existence of a positive fundamental particle called the proton.

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Ernest Rutherford directed Hans Geiger and Ernst Marsdens experiment in 1910.
-particle scattering from thin Au foils Gave us the basic picture of the atoms structure.

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Ernest Rutherford, 1911 Bombardment of gold foil with -particles (helium atoms minus their electrons
Expected to see the particles pass through the foil Found that some of the alpha particles were deflected by the foil Led to the discovery of a region of heavy mass at the center of the atom

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Rutherfords major conclusions from the particle scattering experiment 1. The atom is mostly empty space. 2. It contains a very small, dense center called the nucleus. 3. Nearly all of the atoms mass is in the nucleus. 4. The nuclear diameter is 1/10,000 to 1/100,000 times less than atoms radius.

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James Chadwick in 1932 analyzed the results of -particle scattering on thin Be films. Chadwick recognized existence of massive neutral particles which he called neutrons.
Chadwick discovered the neutron.

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Solar system depiction of atomic structure.

Emphasizes proton, neutron and electron distribution; does not

accurately depict current accepted model of atomic structure.

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Electrons are depicted as clouds of negative charge surrounding the nucleus.

The density of the small dots is related to the probability of finding an electron at a particular location.

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Particle Proton Neutron Electron

mass (amu) 1.007 1.009 0.00055

charge + 0

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Information regarding atomic structure is written in scientific shorthand called the atomic symbol.

A Z

E is the atomic symbol for element Superscript A is the mass number. Subscript Z is the atomic number.

Entry for carbon on the periodic table.

Z=6

Relative atomic mass = 12.011 (~99% carbon12)

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Element Symbol: C

Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons in their nucleus.
same Z but different A

Isotopic abundance is the mass percentage of an isotope in a naturally occurring element.

Mass spectrometers can measure the masses of atoms, isotopes, and molecules.

Mass spectrum showing carbon isotopes.

One example of an isotopic series is the hydrogen isotopes.

1H or protium is the most common hydrogen isotope.
one proton and no neutrons

2H or deuterium is the second most abundant hydrogen isotope.

one proton and one neutron

3H or tritium is a radioactive hydrogen isotope.

one proton and two neutrons

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 1H, 2H, 3H

Hydrogen, deuterium, tritium Different masses

Note that some of the ice is at the bottom of the glass this is 2H2O
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Relative atomic mass for an element is an average of the atomic masses for the naturally occurring isotopes for an element.

Naturally occuring Cu consists of 2 isotopes. It is 69.1% 63Cu with a mass of 62.9 amu, and 30.9% 65Cu, which has a mass of 64.9 amu. Calculate the atomic weight of Cu to one decimal place.

Atomic weight = (relative abundance) (isotopic mass)

Atomic weight = (0.691)(639 amu) + (0.309)(649 amu)

Atomic weight = 63.5 amu

Naturally occurring argon consists of three isotopes, the atoms of which occur in the following abundances: 0.34% 36Ar (35.9676amu), 0.07% 38Ar (37.9627), and 99.59% 40Ar (39.9624). Calculate the atomic weight of argon from these data.
Atomic weight = 39.95 amu

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Ions are formed when the number of protons and electrons in an atom are not equal.
Ions with more protons than electrons are called cations.
net positive charge

Ions with more electrons that protons are called anions.

net negative charge

A monatomic ion is derived from a single atom. A polyatomic ion is derived from a group of atoms with an overall charge.

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Groups of atoms may carry a charge; these are the polyatomic ions
OH NH4+

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An element and its ion have the same chemical symbol but different properties.
Sodium metal atoms lose an electron to form sodium cations.
Sodium metal reacts violently with water.

Chlorine gas molecules gain electrons to form chlorine anions (chloride).

Chlorine gas reacts violently with sodium metal.

Ionic compounds containing sodium cation and chlorine anion dissolve in water without reacting.

Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in: (a) (b)

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