HYDRAUILCS Chapter 4 Turbines

4.
Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines

4. Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines

Turbines have been used for centuries to convert freely
available mechanical energy from rivers and wind into useful
mechanical work, usually through a rotating shaft.
Now Water driven turbines are used primarily for the
development of hydroelectric energy
Turbines extract energy from flowing water and convert it to
mechanical energy to drive electric generators
There are two basic types of hydraulic turbines
Impulse turbine: a free jet of water impinges on the revolving
element of the machine, which is exposed to atmospheric
pressure. The water jet impacts on the blades of the turbine
making the wheel rotate, producing torque and power.

Reaction Turbine: the flow takes place under pressure in a closed
chamber


The rotating part of a turbine is called the runner
(in the pump it is called the impeller)

When the working fluid is water Hydroturbine or hydraulic turbine
When the working fluid is air Wind turbine


Impulse Turbines

A portion of the outermost part of each
bucket is cut out so that the majority of
the jet can pass through the bucket that
is not aligned with the jet (bucket n +1)

the width of the bucket is usually 3 4
times the jet diameter

The wheel diameter (pitch diameter) is
usually 15 20 times the jet diameter

Diameters of impulse turbine range up
to 15 ft (5m)

Maximum efficiency would result if a
bucket completely reverses the relative
velocity of the jet, but the water must
be deflected outside to avoid interfering
with the following bucket

The bucket exit angle is usually about
165
o

Impulse Turbines
Single Jet
Multi Jet
Impulse Turbines
Impulse Turbines
Position A represents the instant of entry of water
into the bucket.
Position B represents the moment the water
leaves the bucket.
The Velocity changes from V
1
at entry to V
2
at exit
The vector v represents the velocity of the water
relative to the bucket
Assuming friction is negligible, the magnitude of
the water velocity v remains constant, but its
direction at discharge becomes tangential to the
bucket
V
1
is the absolute velocity of the jet
u is the velocity of the bucket
v
1
is the velocity of the jet relative to
the bucket

By applying the momentum principle in terms of the relative
velocities, the force exerted by the water on the bucket is
F= Q v = Q (v v cos
2
) = Q v (1 cos
2
)
F= Q v = Q (V
1
u) (1 cos
2
)

The power transmitted to the bucket from the water jet is the
product of the force and the velocity of the body on which the
force is acting
P = F u = Q (V
1
u) (1 cos
2
) u

There is no power developed when u = 0 or when u = V
1
For a given turbine and jet the maximum power occurs at an
intermediate u

dP/ du = Q (1 cos
2
)u (V
1
- 2u )
dP/ du = 0 u =V
1
/ 2
The greatest hydraulic efficiency, neglecting fluid friction, occurs
when the peripheral speed of the wheel is half of the jet velocity.
Because of energy losses, the best operating conditions occur
when u /V
1
is between 0.43 and 0.48


Problem
Consider an impulse turbine with a pitch diameter of 10 ft and a bucket
angle
2
of 160
o
. If the jet velocity V
1
is 200 ft/sec, the jet diameter is
2 inches and the rotating speed 240 rpm, find:
a) The force on the buckets
b) The torque on the runner
c) The horsepower transferred to the runner.
Assume that the velocity relative to the bucket does not change

Solution
a) F= Q v
v = v
2u
v
1u

v
2u
= v
2
cos
2

, v
1u
= v
1
, v
1
= v
2

`
v = v
1
(cos
2

1)
v
1
= V
1
u = V
1
r = 200 - 2 (240 / 60) x 5 = 74.4 ft/s
v = 74.4 (cos 160

1) = -144.3 ft/s
Q = A
jet
x V
jet
= (2 / 12)
2
/ 4 x 200 = 4.36 cfs
F = 1.94 x 4.36 x 144.3 = 1220 lb


Solution (Contd)
b) T = F r = 1220 x 5 = 6100 ft.lb
c) P =T/550 = 6100 x 240(2 / 60) / 550 = 278.6 hp
or
P = F u /550 = 1120 x 125.6 / 550 = 278.6 hp

Head on an impulse turbines

The gross head on an impulse turbine is equal difference in elevation between
headwater and tailwater
In an impulse turbine the jet is discharged at atmospheric pressure
Net head, or effective head , is the head at the base B of the nozzle,
h = static head friction losses
h = P
B
/ + V
B
2
/ 2g = Y - h
L

The head supplied at the base of nozzle, h, is expended in 4 ways:
1. Nozzle loss: Energy lost in the fluid friction in the nozzle

2. Bucket Loss: Fluid friction over the bucket, causing v
2
to be less than v
1

3. Discharged water loss: Kinetic energy in the water discharged from the
bucket,

4. The head supplied to the bucket: The rest wich is available to the bucket,
h"

g
V
A
A
C
j
B
j
v
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
g
v
k
2
2
2
g
V
2
2
2

"
2 2 2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
h
g
V
g
v
k
g
V
A
A
C
h
j
B
j
v
+ + +
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
C
v
= coefficient of velocity of the nozzle
A
j
= cross sectional flow area of the jet
A
B
= cross sectional flow area of the pipe upstream of the nozzle
V
j
= jet velocity (same as V1)
v
2
= velocity of water relative to bucket at exit from bucket
V
2
= absolute velocity of water leaving the bucket
h = energy head directly available to the buckets (transferred to the
runner

The Nozzle loss is often written as

k, the bucket friction loss coefficient, vary from 0.2 to 0.6

Since the nozzle is considered an integral part of the impulse turbine, the

The hydraulic efficiency

The overall efficiency (or simply efficiency)
g
V
A
A
C
j
B
j
v
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
g
V
K
j
n
2
2
h
h
Qh
Qh
" "
'
= =
q
The ratio of the power transferred
directly to the turbine to the power
in the flow at the base of the
nozzle
is less than because of that part of the
energy delivered to the buckets that is lost
in the mechanical friction in the bearings
and the windage, further reducing the
energy delivered to the output shaft.
Qh
T
power Input
power shaft output
e
q = =
) (

Problem
Demonstrate that when taking account of fluid friction in the buckets
of an impulse wheel by using with values of k ranging from 0.2
to 0.6, this is nearly equivalent to v
2
= 0.8 0.9 times v
1

g
v
k
2
2
2

Solution
v
1
2
/2g h
L
= where
v
1
2
/2g =
v
1
2
k v
2
2
= v
2
2
v
2
2
(1+k)
=
v
1
2
, thus
For k =0.20, v
2
= 0.91 v
1
k =0.60, v
2
= 0.79 v
1

v
2
2
/2g
h
L
=
g
v
k
2
2
2
g
v
k
2
2
2
v
2
2
/2g
k
v
v
+
=
1
1
2

Problem
Water is delivered from a reservoir through a 4 ft diameter pipe (f=0.025), 10,000 ft
long to a nozzle that emits an 8 in diameter jet that impinges on an impulse wheel. The
surface of the reservoir is at anelevation of 2420 ft higher than the nozzle. The impulse
wheel is connected to a 20 pole generator in a 60 cycle system. The wheel has a
diameter of 106 in and a bucket angle
2
of 165
o
. Assuming

the headloss through the
nozzle can be expressed as 0.05 V
j
2
/ 2g, where V
j
is the jet velocity.
Assume v
2
=v
1
, neglect minor losses, bearing friction, and windage

Find the following:

1- Velocity of flow in the pipe 7- force on the bucket, F
2- jet velocity 8- torque on the wheel
3- flow rate 9- shaft horsepower
4- Speed of bucket 10- horse power at the base of the nozzle
5- value of u/V
1

11- overall turbine efficiency
6- net head

1- Velocity of Flow in the pipe
- Energy Equation from the surface of Reservoir to jet (neglecting minor
losses at pipe entrance:
2420 0.025 x (10,000 / 4) (V
2
/2g) 0.05 (V
j
2
/2g) = V
j
2
/2g
- Continuity Equation: V
j
= (48 /8)
2
V

= 36 V
Therefore V = 10.47 ft/sec


2- Jet velocity
Continuity Equation: V
j
= (48 /8)
2
V

= 36 V = 377 ft/sec

3- Flow rate
Q= AV = x 4
2
/4 x 10.47 = 131.5 cfs

4- Speed of bucket
The rotative speed n of a turbine in rpm is given by
n = 120 x electric current frequency / N
For a 60 cycle system: n = 7200 /N
For a 50 cycle system: n = 6000/N
For this problem: n =7200 / 20 = 360 rpm
= 2 n / 60 = 37.7 rad /sec u = r = 37.7 x (106 / 2 /12) = 166.5 ft /sec

N = number of poles in
the generator

5- Value of u/V
1
u/V
1
= 166.5 / 377 = 0.44

6- Net head
h = P
B
/ + V
B
2
/ 2g = Y h
L
= 2420 f . (L/D) . (V
2
/2g)
= 2420 0.025 x (10,000/4) x 10.47
2
/(2x 32.2) = 2314 ft
7- Force on the bucket
F= Q (V
1
u) (1 cos
2
),
2
= 165
o
, cos
2
= -0.966
F = 1.94 (131.5) (377-166.5) (1+0.966) = 105,600 lb

8- Torque on wheel
T = F r = 105,600 (106 / 2 /12) = 466,300 ft.lb


9- Shaft horsepower

P = T / 550 = 466,300 (37.7) / 550 = 31,960 hp

10- Horsepower at the base of the nozzle (power input to the entire turbine,
including nozzle)
P
B
= Q h / 550 = 62.4 (131.5) (2314) / 550 = 34,520 hp

11- Overall efficiency
= shaft power / input power = (T) / ( Q h ) = 31,960 / 34520 = 0.926
= 92.6%

Nozzle for impulse turbines

P
jet
= Q (V
j
2
/ 2g)
For a Given pipeline there is a unique jet diameter that will deliver maximum
power to a jet . This fact will be best illustrated by the following problem
A 6 in diameter pipe (f = 0.020) 1,000 ft long, from a reservoir with a water
surface elevation of 500 ft to a nozzle at elevation 300 ft. The jet from the
nozzle is used to drive an impulse turbine. If the head loss through the nozzle
is expressed by 0.04 (V
j
2
/ 2g), Find the jet diameter that will result in a
maximum power in the jet and evaluate the power in the jet.
Neglect the headloss at the pipe entrance
Nozzle for impulse turbines

Energy equation from reservoir surface to jet:
[0 + 500 +0] [0.02 (1000/0.5) (V
P
2
/2g)] 0.04 (V
j
2
/2g) = 0 + 300 + (V
j
2/2g)
Continuity equation:
A
P
V
P
= A
j
V
j
D
P
2
V
P
= D
j
2
V
j
D
P
= 0.50 ft 0.25 V
P
= D
j
2
V
j
and V
P
= 4 D
j
2
V
j
Substituting in the energy equation:
200 = (V
j
2
/2g) (1.04 + 640 D
j

4
)
D
j
D
j
V
j
A
j
Q = Aj Vj Pjet
in ft fps
ft
2
cfs hp
1.0 0.083 110 0.0055 0.60 12.6
1.5 0.125 104 0.0123 1.27 24.1
2.0 0.167 92 0.0218 2.00 29.5
2.5 0.208 76 0.0341 2.58 26.0
3.0 0.250 60 0.0491 2.96 18.9
4.0 0.333 38 0.0873 3.31 8.4
6.0 0.500 18 0.1963 3.48 1.9
P
jet
is maximum
for Dj = 2 in

HYDRAUILCS Chapter 4 Turbines

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4.

Hydraulic Machinery / Turbines

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