LTE PHY - Alcatel

From LTE basics to 9155 LTE RF Design
September 2009
LTE Basics
OFDM Fundamentals
2 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, XXXXX
Basic of OFDM
Basic of OFDM
Waveform
Basic of OFDM
Sending modulation symbol in parallel
Basic of OFDM
Symbol extract
Basic of OFDM
Basic of OFDM
Orthogonality lost
Basic of OFDM
Doppler & frequency offset effects
Basic of OFDM
Multi-path effect
Basic of OFDM
Multi-path effect
Basic of OFDM
CP length
Basic of OFDM
OFDM scalable
Basic of OFDM
Full Tx/Rx chain
LTE Basics
DOWNLINK STRUCTURE
DL Physical Channels
DL Channels Mapping
LTE Downlink: Frame Format, Channel Structure & Terminology
LTE Downlink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology
Downlink common Reference Signal structure
Reference signal symbol distribution sequence over 12 subcarriers x 14 OFDM symbols. The Reference signal sequence is correlated to Cell ID.
21 | Presentation Title | Month 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, XXXXX
Downlink common Reference Signal structure per number of antenna port
PBCH, SCH Time and frequency location
Basic of cell search
Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH
Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH
PCFICH & PHICH
PDCCH
PDCCH: DCI formats carried

DCI includes resource assignments and other control information
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
DL Power settings
PDCCH PBCH
Based o the simus done by R&D and also on first trials results the DL power settings is detailed in the slides below
DL Power settings LA 0.x
DL Power settings
LA 1.0 RRH 30W
DL Power settings
LA 1.0 RRH 40W
LTE Basics
UPLINK STRUCTURE
UL Physical Channels
UL Channels Mapping
SC-FDMA principle
SC-FDMA principle
SC-FDMA Tx/Rx chain
LTE Uplink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology
Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal
Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PRACH
Radom Access procedures
LTE Basics
UL Power Control
IoT Control Mechanism (Inter-cell Power Control) Setting of Target_SINR_dB determines the IoT operating point Especially in a reuse-1 deployment, it is critical to manage the uplink interference level In LTE, e-NBs can send uplink overload indications to neighbor e-NBs via the X2 interface Power control parameters (i.e. Target SINR) can be adapted based on overload indicators
Allows control of the IoT level to ensure coverage and system stability
Overload indicator (X-2 interface) PC params Measure Interference, emit overload indicator interference PC params
Based on overload indicator from neighbor cell, adapt PC params
Fractional Power Control
While using the same target SINR for each user results in very good fairness (as far as power allocation is concerned), it also results in poor spectral efficiency An improved power control scheme called Fractional Power Control adjusts the target SINR in relation to the UEs path loss to its serving sector
UE_TxPSD_dBm = x PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + UL_Interference_dBm is called the fractional compensation factor, and is sent via cell broadcast; 0 < < 1 Target_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB - (1-) x PL_dB Target SINR increases with decreasing path loss
Flexible trade-off between cell edge rate and average spectral efficiency
Target SINR
Improved Power Control Based on Neighbor Cell Path Loss
Path loss to the serving cell is not indicative of the amount of interference a user will generate to neighboring sectors An improved power control scheme adjusts the target SINR in relation to PL_dB = PL_strongestNeighborCell_dB PL_servingCell_dB
UE_TxPSD_dBm = PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + (1-) x PL_dB + UL_Interference_dBm (1-) x PL_dB is sent to each UE via higher layer (RRC) signaling Target_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + (1-) x PL_dB
Target SINR
Target SINR increases with increasing radio position
LTE Basics
Scheduler
Scheduler
UL Scheduling mechanism
DL Scheduling mechanism
Channel Quality Indicator, Pre-coding Matrix Indicator, Rank Indicator
Scheduler weighted proportional fair
Scheduler proportional fair principles
Frequency Non-Selective Scheme

1
Single priority metric formed and used in the first stage of the MPE algorithm Then MPE algorithm continues as in FSS scheme
Priority Metric
UE 1 UE 1 UE 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
UE 1 UE 1 UE 1
Resource Unit Index
The SRS SYNC SINR is a scalar quantity per user that is formed by averaging the SRS SINR across PRBs and then filtered in time; used to form a single priority metric, which is replicated and used for all PRBs
To support a large number of UEs, the SRS period needs to be reduced given the multiplexing capabilities (max of 8 UEs per SRS transmission per frequency comb)
The regular MPE algorithm as in the FSS algorithm is then utilized, which minimizes testing/verification to just the new code introduced Currently also investigating an intermediate solution where the resolution of the frequency selective scheduler is reduced by a certain factor in order to retain some frequency selectivenessin the scheduling while reducing complexity (study in progress)
Frequency Re-use strategies Frequency re-use1 Fractional Frequency re-use
Frequency Re-use strategies Soft Frequency re-use or dynamic frequency re-use
LTE Basics
Link adaptation
DL MCS table
UL MCS table
LTE Basics
Multi Antenna Technology Roadmap
MIMO Configuration
Antennas Configuration
Antennas Configuration
Spatial Multiplexing
LA1.0 Scheme supported
Scheme supported after LA1.0
LTE Link Budgets

Uplink Link Budget Considerations
Uplink Link Budget

Main Principles
Link Budget is performed for one mobile located at cell edge (for each service) transmitting at max power The IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise) experienced by this user on the UL depends on the frequency reuse scheme and the service data rate and corresponding SINR that is guaranteed for cell edge users
UPLINK Analysis is an MAPL analysis
MAPL Max UE transmit Power Required Received Signal cell radius
Uplink Link Budget

Main Principles UL link budget elaborated for user of service k at cell edge transmitting at maximum power
Uplink Path
Transmit Power
Losses and Margins
Gains
Receiver Sensitivity
Interference
= MAPL
Maximum Allowable Path Loss
UE Transmit power (23dBm)
Feeder losses Penetration Loss (outdoor/indoor) Shadowing Margin Handoff Gain Body Loss
eNode-B Antenna Gain UE Antenna Gain
Derived from SINR performances
Interference Margin
Uplink Link Budget

Rationale Behind LKB Formulation UL Rates
128kbps 256kbps 512kbps
RangeUL_Guar_Serv
Link budgets are formulated for one service that is to be guaranteed at cell edge (RangeUL_Guar_Serv) For more limiting service rates link budgets are formulated under the assumption they are not guaranteed at cell edge but at a reduced coverage footprint
Uplink Link Budget

Example for one service
Dense Urban (2.6GHz)
PS 128
Required Data Rate 128 kbps No. Resource Blocks Required 3 RB MCS MCS 8 Used Bandwidth 540 kHz Target C/I -3.0 dB eNode-B Noise Figure 2.5 dB eNode-B Sensitivity -117.2 dBm Antenna Gain 18.0 dBi Cable & Connector Losses 0.5 dB Body Losses 0 dB Additional UL Losses 0 dB Cell area coverage probability 95% Overall standard deviation 8.0 dB Shadowing Margin 8.6 dB Handoff Gain 3.6 dB Fast Fading Margin 0 dB Penetration Margin 21 dB Fixed IoT 3.0 dB UE Antenna Gain 0 dBi UE Max Transmit Power 23.0 dBm MAPL 128.7 dB UL Cell Range 0.46 km
No. Resource Blocks to Reach Data Rate Optimal Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS) Signal to Interference Ratio per Resource Block Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier dependent Based on SINR, Noise Figure, Thermal Noise, Bandwidth Used
Uplink Link Budget

Receiver Sensitivity
eNode-B Receiver Sensitivity Minimum required signal level to reach a given quality (SINR target) when facing only thermal noise SensitivitydBm
Where: F: eNode-B Noise figure in dB
= SINRdB + 10.log10(F.Nth.NRB.WRB)
Service dependent
Nth: Thermal noise density, 10log(Nth) =-174 dBm/Hz SINRdB: Signal to Interference ratio per Resource Block NRB: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rate WRB: Bandwidth of one Resource Block
One Resource Block is composed of 12 subcarriers, each of a 15kHz bandwidth so WRB = 180kHz.\
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Overview
SINR Target depends on: eNode-B equipment performance Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed) Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way) Targeted data rate and quality of service The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions (Maximum of 4 on UL) HARQ Operating Point 1% Post HARQ BLER target considered by default Derived from link level simulations or better by equipment measurements (lab or on-field measurements)
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Channel Model
In reality, a mix of multipath conditions exist across a typical cell For coverage assessment, the worst case model should be considered ITU VehA multipath channel model are considered a good compromise For LTE some evolved multipath channel models have been defined such as EVA5Hz or EPA5Hz These are an extension of the VehA and PedA models used in UMTS to make them more suitable for the wider bandwidths encountered with LTE, e.g. >5MHz Main difference lies in the definition of a Doppler frequency instead of a speed, making the model useable for different frequency bands All SINR performances used in the link budget are for all EVehA3 and EVehA50 channel models
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Link Level Results for 10MHz Bandwidth (50 RB)
LTE UL Throughput v.s. SNR, max 1 HARQ Tx, EPedB-1 km
111 11
111 11
111 11
Throughput (kbps)
111 11
111 11
MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
1 1 1 1 1 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 T'put (kbps)
111 11
111 11
11 11
1 -11 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SINR (dB)
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Selection of Optimal SINR Figures
There are a number of possible solutions that can be used to provide a given throughput solutions comprise a combination of: Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS) Number of Resource Blocks (RB) Optimization Objective: Select # RBs and MCS so as to maximize the receiver sensitivity and thus the link budget While at the same time respecting the selected HARQ operating point (1% post HARQ BLER objective)
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Summary for UL 10MHz Bandwidth (1x2 RxDiv)
Performance figures for typical UL link budget rates Number of RBs SINR (include margins) MCS, TBS and # HARQ Transmissions
Service Bit Rate MCS TBS Modulation Post HARQ BLER Required # of RB VoIP 12.2 6 328 QPSK 1% 1 PS 64 64 6 176 QPSK 1% 2
-3.6 dB
-120 dBm
PS 128 128 8 392 QPSK 1% 3

-3.0 dB
-117 dBm
PS 256 256 10 872 QPSK 1% 5

-2.4 dB
-114 dBm
PS 384 384 10 1384 QPSK 1% 8

-2.9 dB
-113 dBm
PS 512 512 10 1736 QPSK 1% 10

-3.1 dB
-112 dBm
PS 768 768 10 2792 QPSK 1% 16

-3.4 dB
-110 dBm
PS 1000 1000 10 3496 QPSK 1% 20

-2.9 dB
-109 dBm
PS 2000 2000 10 6968 QPSK 1% 40

-3.3 dB
-106 dBm
SINR (EVehA 3km/h) -3.7 dB Rx Sensitivity -123 dBm
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Peformances - MCS and TBS Tables
Some Background Info Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)

This determines the Modulation Order which in turn determines the TBS Index
Number of Resource Blocks

For a given MCS the Transport Block Size (TBS) is given different numbers of resource blocks MCS Table
MCS Index, IMCS 0 1 2 3 Modulation Order, QM QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK TBS Index, ITBS 0 1 2 3 4 ITBS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TBS Table
NPRB 1 16 24 32 40 56 72 328 104 2 32 56 72 104 120 144 176 224 3 56 88 144 176 208 224 256 328 4 88 144 176 208 256 328 392 472 120 176 208 256 328 424 504 584
Uplink Link Budget

Implementation Margins
SINR performances from link level simulations assume ideal scheduling and link adaptation reality will not be as good
For example in the downlink, we consider: Error free CQI feedback, Perfect PDCCHPCFICH decoding, CQI feedback rate 1/20ms, etc.
To account for such ideal assumptions there are currently two key elements to the margins incorporated into in SINR performances used in UL budgets today: Implementation margin to account for the assumptions implicit in the link level simulations used to derive the SINR performances
Currently considered to be ~1dB No variability is assumed for different environments or UE mobility conditions Will be tuned based on SINR measurements (not yet performed)
ACK/NACK margin to account for the puncturing of ACK/NACK onto the PUSCH
A 1dB margin is applied for VoIP services and 0.5dB for higher data throughputs
Uplink Link Budget

Consideration of Explicit Diversity Gains
The SINR performance figures considered by Alcatel-Lucent in UL and DL link budgets are based on link level simulations that already account for the corresponding transmit and receive diversity gains, i.e. UL: default 1x2 Rx Diversity
2RxDiv gain accounted for in the SINR figures To account for 4RxDiv on the UL an additional 2-3dB gain is considered on the 2RxDiv SINR figures
DL: default 2x2 Tx Diversity

SFBC pre-coding gains + 2RxDiv gain at the UE are accounted for in the SINR figures Note that an additional power combining gain is considered at the transmit side, i.e. for a 2 x 40W TxDiv configuration a 80W transmit power is applied in DL link budgets
INTERNAL NOTE Noise Figure The Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier dependent Typically the Noise Figures of e-NodeBs range between 2 to 3dB
Typical RRH Noise Figures for ALU product (June 2009)
RRH Type RRH2x (lower 700) 900 MC-TRX (1800) MC-RRH (1800) AWS RRH2x (2600) TRDU (2600)
Typical Noise Figure 2.2dB TBD - 2.5dB (assumed) 3 dB 2.5 dB TBD 2.5dB (assumed) 2.6 dB 2.6 dB
Uplink Link Budget

Exercise
Compute eNode-B sensitivity in VehA 3km/h for VoIP 12.2kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLER For PS 384kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLER
Alcatel-Lucent equipment: Typical eNode-B Noise Figure: 2.5dB SINR figures: -3.7 dB for VoIP 12.2, -3.3dB for PS384
ANSWER: Sensitivity: -122.6 dBm for speech, -113.2 dBm for PS384
Uplink Link Budget

PS 128
Typical gain of Tri-sectored antenna, depends on frequency band Depends on feeder type, length and frequency band 3dB body loss when speech usage (UE near head), 0dB body loss when data usage
0dBi by default Depends on UE Power Class
Uplink Link Budget

UE Characteristics
LTE UE Max Transmit Power Depends on the power class of the UE Only one power class is defined in 3GPP TS 36.101: 23dBm output power is considered with a 0 dBi antenna gain; 2dB tolerance in the standard WCDMA UE Max Transmit Power Multiple power classes were defined in 3GPP TS 25.101, the most prevalent WCDMA UEs today are considered to be class 3 (24dBm +1/-3dB) The corresponding tolerance ranges for both WCDMA and LTE terminals are in fact the same: 4dB range 21-25dBm While the nominal Tx powers differ by 1dB Currently consider 23dBm in UL LTE link budgets
Uplink Link Budget

PS 128
Shadowing margin due to shadowing standard deviation Handoff gain Depends on depth of coverage (e.g. deep indoor, indoor daylight, outdoor). Also accounts for the indoor shadowing margin
Uplink Link Budget

Shadowing Margin
Shadowing Margin: Slow fading signal level variations due to obstacles Modelled (in dB) as a Gaussian variable with zero-mean and standard deviation depending on the environment, typically 6 to 8dB The shadowing standard deviation can include the variability associated with the indoor penetration. However, it is recommended to consider this as part of the penetration margin Impact on link budget : Take a margin to ensure the received signal is well received (above required sensitivity) with a given probability Typically 95% in Dense Urban, Urban and Suburban and 90% in Rural Computation as for UMTS and CDMA.
Uplink Link Budget

Handoff Gain Unlike UMTS/WCDMA or CDMA, there is no soft-handoff functionality for LTE No soft-handoff gain considered for LTE Far too pessimistic to only consider the shadowing margin computed with one cell unless considering an isolated cell A mobile at the cell edge can still handover to a neighbor cell with more favorable shadowing, i.e. a lower path loss consider a Handoff Gain (or best server selection gain) Reference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege, K.M.; Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95
INTERNAL NOTE: This hard handoff gain can be considered for any system without soft handoff. So this is the case for GSM. However no gain is typically applied in GSM. For LTE the sampling frequency for handoff decisions as well as the handoff speed itself is much faster than GSM this leads to an LTE handoff gain not much less than that considered for WCDMA.
Uplink Link Budget

Handoff Gain - Example
Antenna Height K2 Propagation Model Shadowing Correlation Hysteresis HO sampling time Correlation distance Cell Range 30 m 35.2 0.5 2 dB 20 msec 50 m 100%
# of samples to decide HO 4 samples
Typical for Suburban Incar & Rural
Typical for Dense Urban, Urban and Suburban Indoor
Shadowing Standard Deviation Cell Area Coverage Probability Cell Edge Coverage Probability Handoff Hysteresis Shadowing Margin (no SHO gain) SHO Gain 3 km/h - HHO Gain 50 km/h - HHO Gain 100 km/h - HHO Gain
6 dB 90% 71% 2 dB 3.3 dB 2.7 dB 2.3 dB 2.1 dB 2.0 dB
6 dB 95% 84% 2 dB 5.9 dB 2.8 dB 2.5 dB 2.2 dB 2.0 dB
7 dB 90% 73% 2 dB 4.3 dB 3.1 dB 2.8 dB 2.6 dB 2.4 dB
7 dB 95% 85% 2 dB 7.2 dB 3.4 dB 3.1 dB 2.8 dB 2.6 dB
8 dB 90% 75% 2 dB 5.4 dB 3.6 dB 3.4 dB 3.1 dB 2.8 dB
8 dB 95% 86% 2 dB 8.7 dB 3.9 dB 3.6 dB 3.3 dB 3.0 dB
10 dB 90% 78% 2 dB 7.7 dB 4.7 dB 4.4 dB 4.1 dB 3.7 dB
10 dB 95% 88% 2 dB 11.7 dB 5.0 dB 4.8 dB 4.4 dB 4.0 dB
Reference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege, K.M.; Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95
Uplink Link Budget

Handoff Gain - Example
Note that the full Handoff Gain is only applicable for UEs located at the cell edge where we consider one rate guaranteed at the cell edge and others guaranteed within that coverage footprint, the other services will not take 4.0 dB benefit of the full handoff gain
3.5 dB
Handoff Gain
128kbps 256kbps 512kbps
3.0 dB 2.5 dB 2.0 dB 1.5 dB 1.0 dB 0.5 dB 0.0 dB 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
UL Rates
% of Cell Range
Dense Urban, Sigma = 8dB, 95% coverage reliability, 3km/h mobility

Uplink Link Budget

Penetration Margin
The penetration losses characterize the level of indoor coverage targeted by the operator (deep indoor, indoor daylight, window, incar, outdoor, etc) Highly dependent on the wall materials and number of walls/windows to be penetrated It is recommended to consider the penetration margin as a single worst case margin as the shadowing standard deviation doesnt include the indoor penetration variability
Typical Penetration Losses at 2GHz Environment Dense Urban Deep Indoor Urban - Indoor Suburban - Indoor Rural Incar Penetration Margin (dB) 20 17 14 8
INTERNAL NOTE Penetration Losses For 700/850/900MHz, lower penetration losses can be considered Note that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very materialdependent Typically, we can assume 2dB lower penetration margins compared to those at 2GHz For 2.6GHz, higher penetration losses could be considered Note that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very materialdependent Typically, we can assume 2dB higher penetration margins compared to those at 2GHz
Uplink Link Budget

PS 128
This sensitivity is calculated for noise only. A margin must be considered for the interference above noise: Interference Margin
Interference Margin or IoT
Uplink Link Budget

Interference Margin
Sensitivity figures typical consider only thermal noise, the real interference, Ij, must also be considered (not only the thermal noise)
Received Power, C jdBm Sensitivity dBm + InterferenceMargindB

InterferenceMargindB Ij = 1 log 1 Nth W
Interference margin or IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise) A reuse of 1 is typical (option to use schemes such as soft fractional reuse or interference coordination) The IoT operating point can be set to achieve a minimum data rate at cell edge and/or to match incumbent technology coverage
Uplink Link Budget

WCDMA Noise Rise - Whats Different Between LTE and WCDMA?
By definition, Cell Load and Total Interference rise (Noise Rise) are linked:
I itot_ dB = 1 log total = 1 log (1 xUL) 1 1 N oW

where Itotal is the total received power at the node B (including the useful signal)
Noise Rise (dB)
Differences with LTE Interference from adjacent cells only for LTE (no intracell interference) Max WCDMA cell load is dependent on power control stability No concept of cell load for LTE
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 % cell load 1 1 Noise Rise dB
Cell Load (%)
LTE IoT
What Determines the IoT for LTE?
The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR) The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoT Ultimately there is a point at which the increased IoT can not be sustained with the corresponding SINR Based on system level simulations:
1
Avg and 1 UE Throughput (kbps) % 11 1
Average Throughput Cell Edge Throughput
1 1 Average IoT (dB) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 Cell Edge SINR Target, TSINR (dB)
11 1
11 1
11 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean IoT (dB)
LTE IoT
For LTE the IoT can be expressed as: IoT = 1 / (1 - RBLoad x FAvg x TSINR) Where RBLoad = Average % loading of the resource blocks of adjacent cells
Under full loading this can be considered to be 100%
FAvg = The average ratio between extracell interference and useful signal received at the eNode-B
Based on system level simulations the typical value of FAvg for UL fractional power control is ~0.8 this is quite comparable to that used for WCDMA
TSINR = SINR target at the cell edge
LTE IoT
The IoT for Targeted LTE Cell Edge Rates?
1 MHz bandwidth - 1 1 RxDiv - Product Release LAx VoIP AMR 1 . with 11 TTI Bundling 1. 11 QPSK 11 . 1 1 1 % 1
PS 1
PS 11
PS 111 PS111 PS 111 PS 111 1 PS Mbps PS 1 Mbps
Modulation Coding Rate Max # HARQ Tx Post-HARQ BLER Required # of RB VehA 1 km/h VehA 11 km/h
1 QPSK 11 . 1 1 1 % 1 SNR Figures -11 . -111 . -11 . -11 . 11 1% 11 . 11dB . 11dB .
1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 11 . 1 11 . 1 11 . 1 11 . 1 11 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 @ 11 . GHz (including implementation and ACK/NACK -11 . -11 . -11 . -11 . -1 -11 . -11 . -11 . -11 . -11 .
11 11 QPSK 11 . 1 1 1 % 1 1 margins) -11 . -11 .
11 11 QPSK 11 . 1 1 1 % 1 1 -11 . -11 .
RBLoad FAvg VehA 1 km/h VehA 11 km/h 11dB . 11dB .
IoT = 1/ (1 Load.FAvg.TSINR) -RB

11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB . 11dB .
IoT for 100% RB Loading Ranges from 2-3dB for fractional power control consider 3dB by default in LTE Link Budget
Uplink Link Budget

The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR) The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoT Based on system level simulations: Omni and Directional UE antennas SINRs resulting in an IoT > 5-6dB is not considered reasonable
IoT
1.0 dB Omni UE Antenna Directional UE Antenna 100.0 dB
10.0 dB
0.1 dB
Realistic Cell Edge SINR Operating Range

-4.0 dB -2.0 dB 0.0 dB 2.0 dB
-6.0 dB
4.0 dB
6.0 dB
8.0 dB
Cell Edge SINR Target
Uplink Link Budget

Overall MAPL & Cell Range
Overall MAPL for a given service:
MAPL jdB = PMaxTX dBm + Txgain dB Txloss dB + Rxgain dB Rxloss dB Bodyloss dB PenetrationdB Sensitivity dBm InterferenceMargin dB ShadowingM argin dB + HOGain dB
Transmit Power
Max UE transmit Power

Maximum Allowable Pathloss Interference margin extra cell interference
Losses and Margins Gains Reference Sensitivity Interference = MAPL
Gains - Losses- Margins Reference Sensitivity
cell radius
Uplink Link Budget

Example for Multiple Services
MAPL dB = Min
( MAPL ) = K
jdB
PS 512 PS 768
log 1+ K 1
( R cell )
PS 2000

No. Resource Blocks Required MCS Used Bandwidth Target C/I eNode-B Noise Figure Antenna Gain Cable & Connector Losses Body Losses Additional UL Losses Cell area coverage probability Overall standard deviation Shadowing Margin Handoff Gain Fast Fading Margin Penetration Margin Fixed IoT UE Antenna Gain UE Max Transmit Power MAPL UL Cell Range
VoIP
PS 64
PS 128
PS 256
PS 384
PS 1000
Required Data Rate 12.2 kbps 1 RB MCS 6 180 kHz -3.7 dB 2.5 dB 18.0 dBi 0.5 dB 3 dB 0 dB 95% 8.0 dB 8.6 dB 3.6 dB 0 dB 21 dB 3.0 dB 0 dBi 23 dBm 131.2 dB 0.53 km
64 kbps 2 RB MCS 6 360 kHz -3.6 dB 2.5 dB 18.0 dBi 0.5 dB 0 dB 0 dB 95% 8.0 dB 8.6 dB 3.6 dB 0 dB 21 dB 3.0 dB 0 dBi 23 dBm 131.1 dB 0.53 km
eNode-B Sensitivity -122.7 dBm -119.6 dBm -117.2 dBm -114.4 dBm -112.9 dBm -112.1 dBm -110.3 dBm -108.8 dBm -106.2 dBm
Uplink Link Budget

Fractional Power Control Handling in LKB (4/4)
Respecting the SINR slope (dictated by the fractional power control parameters) means for services requiring very high SINR values that: Substantial reductions in allowable UE transmit power are required The corresponding impact on the link budget is substantial
Uplink Link Budget

Propagation Models
For 700, 850 or 900 MHz - Okumura-Hata: K1 = 69.55 + 26.16 x log10(FMHz) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + Kc
a(Hm) = (1.1 x log10(FMHz) - 0.7) x Hm - (1.56 x log10(FMHz) - 0.8) medium-sized city
K2 = 44.9 -6.55*log10(Hb) For AWS, 1.9GHz or 2.1GHz - COST-231 Hata: K1 = 46.3 + 33.9 x log10(FMHz) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + Kc K2 = 44.9 - 6.55 x log10(Hb) For 2.6GHz - modified COST-231 Hata: as COST-231 Hata is limited to 1.5GHz to 2GHz Based on measurements at higher frequencies (2.5GHz & 3.5GHz): K1 = 46.3 + 33.9 x log10(2000) + 20 x log10(FMHz/2000) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + Kc K2 = 44.9 - 6.55 x log10(Hb)
Uplink Link Budget

Impact of TMA (1/3)
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) also called Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)
Antenna
Vertical Polarisation
Impact on link budget Slightly Reduce the global Noise Figure Compensate the cable losses
0.4dB DL insertion losses
Jumper Cable
Dual TMA
Duplexer LNA Duplexer Duplexer LNA Duplexer
Feeder
Usage recommended for UL coverage-limited scenarios
TX / RX
Jumper Cable
TXdiv / RXdiv
eNode-B
Tower Mounted Amplifier

Impact of TMA (2/3)
Friis formula to compute the overall noise figure of the receiver chain with TMA:
Typical gain on uplink link budget (Macro site): 2.9dB gain for sites with 3dB cable losses 3.7 dB gain for sites with 4dB cable losses Typical gain on uplink link budget (RRH site): 0.3dB gain for sites with 0.6dB cable losses Note: TMA should not be considered for RRH sites
noverall = n TMA +
nelem ent =
nfeeder 1 nNode B 1 + g TMA g TMA g feeder

g elem ent =
Gelem ent 1 1 1 1
NFelem ent 1 1 1 1
With
and
Where NFfeeder =-Gfeeder =Feeder Losses Typical TMA characteristics: NFTMA =2 dB GTMA =12 dB
DL Insertion losses = 0.4dB
Tower Mounted Amplifier

Impact of TMA (3/3)
Required Data Rate No. Resource Blocks Required MCS Used Bandwidth Target C/I eNode-B Noise Figure eNode-B Sensitivity Antenna Gain Cable & Connector Losses Body Losses Additional UL Losses Cell area coverage probability Overall standard deviation Shadowing Margin Handoff Gain Fast Fading Margin Penetration Margin Fixed IoT UE Antenna Gain UE Max Transmit Power MAPL UL Cell Range
PS 128 (no TMA)
PS 128 (TMA)
128 kbps 3 RB MCS 8 540 kHz -3.0 dB 2.5 dB -117.2 dBm 18.0 dBi 3.0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 95% 8.0 dB 8.6 dB 3.6 dB 0 dB 21 dB 3.0 dB 0 dBi 23.0 dBm 126.2 dB 0.39 km
128 kbps 3 RB MCS 8 540 kHz -3.0 dB 2.4 dB -117.3 dBm 18.0 dBi 0.2 dB 0 dB 0 dB 95% 8.0 dB 8.6 dB 3.6 dB 0 dB 21 dB 3.0 dB 0 dBi 23.0 dBm 129.1 dB 0.47 km
Reduced Noise figure (based on Friis formula) No cable losses but 0.2dB jumper losses
Around 2.9dB gain on MAPL for sites with 3dB cable losses
Common & Control Channel Considerations

Overview
There are two main common and control channel considerations that should be assessed for an LTE network design to ensure that they will not limit the coverage. These include: INTERNAL NOTE Attach Procedure ACK/NACK Transmission
Either punctured onto the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Or over the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
INTERNAL NOTE Common & Control Channel Considerations

Attach Procedure
This is the procedure that the UE must go through to Attach to an LTE network
UE
RACH Preamble (1 ) Grant and TA (1 )
eNB
MME
SGW
PGW
Limiting Message
RRC Connection Request (1 ) RRC Connection Setup (1 ) RRC Connection Setup Complete (1 ) Attach request (1 ) Authentication (optional)/ security (11 - ) Create Default Bearer Request (1 ) CDB Request (11 )
No MME Relocation

Attach Procedure
From a link budget perspective the limiting message from messages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 15 and 16 (that involve the air interface) must be considered to assess any link budget constraints
UE eNB MME SGW
CDB Response (11 )
PGW
RRC Connection reconfiguration (11 )
Attach accepted (11 )
Create Default Bearer Response (11 )
RRC Connection reconfiguration complete (11 ) Attach complete (11 )

st 1 UL bearer packet
Update Bearer Request (11 ) Update Bearer Response (11 )

st 1 DL bearer packet
No MME Relocation

Attach Procedure
Message 3 (RRC Connection Request) 1 resource block with QPSK rate 1/3 providing an average effective data rate of 20.8 kbps (after 5 HARQ transmissions) SINR requirement = 0.7dB (including margins) UL link budget Dense Urban 2.6GHz band
Attach LKB Can be Limiting Depending on Cell Edge Rate Target
Common & Control Channel Considerations

ACK/NACK Transmission
DL transmission requires a steady stream of ACK transmissions over the UL to acknowledge the DL packets Correct ACK reception is critical for optimizing the DL efficiency ALU punctures ACK over the PUSCH initially and over the PUCCH in the longer term ACK/NACK Transmission: 1 RB, QPSK, SINR -3.4dB (PUSCH) & -4.2dB (PUCCH) UL LKB for Urban, 2.6GHz band
ACK Is Never Foreseen to Limit UL Coverage
LTE Link Budgets

Downlink Link Budget Considerations
Downlink Link Budget

Rationale Behind Downlink LKB Formulation (1/3)
1. DL Cell range defined by UL cell edge service link budget 2. DL throughputs computed for coverage probabilities associated with each corresponding UL service 3. Geometry distribution used for determining the cell edge throughput

UL Rates 128kbps (3RB) - guaranteed at cell edge 256kbps (5RB) 512kbps (10RB)
RangeUL_Guar_Serv
8623kbps (50RB) 3921kbps (50RB) 1323kbps (50RB) DL Rates
The above example illustrates the detailed DL Link Budget on the subsequent slides Urban morphology, indoor 0dBi omni UE configuration, cell range fixed for UL 128kbps, 100% adjacent cell DL RB Loading, No TMA Note: The diagram is not to scale and doesnt include all rates

Uniform power per RB is assumed on the DL DL performances extracted from link level simulations
The optimal MCS is selected for given number of RB to maximize throughput while ensuring a 20% initial BLER
Only TxDiv is assumed for referenced DL link level simulations

As the DL link budget is focusing on cell edge performances it is considered that the rank and geometry are insufficient to justify Spatial Multiplexing (SM) Where a relatively low rate is guaranteed on the UL at cell edge, e.g. 512kbps) the relative UL cell ranges for the high UL rates will be very small and thus the corresponding DL SINRs will be relatively high due to the reduced coverage reliability in such cases there is some justification for consideration SM performances (not yet incorporated here)
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
No. Resource Blocks Used Bandwidth UE Noise Figure eNode-B Antenna Gain Cable & Connector Losses Body Loss Penetration Margin Limiting UL Cell Range # DL Tx Paths Total DL eNode-B Tx Power / Path % DL Power for PDSCH Max eNode-B Tx Power / Service UE Antenna Gain Adjacent Cell Loading UL Service Cell Range DL Path Loss @ UL Cell Edge Total DL Losses @ UL Cell Edge DL Cell Area Coverage Probability Geometry at UL Service Cell Range Desired Signal Adjacent Cell Signal Noise Cell Edge SINR Optimal MCS Data Rate at UL Service Cell Edge
PS 128
50 RB 9000 kHz 7 dB 18 dBi 0.5 dB 0 dB 21 dB 0.46 km 2 paths 30 W 80% 46.8 dBm 0 dBi 100% 0.46 km 129.1 dB 150.6 dB 95% -4.9 dB -85.8 dBm -80.9 dBm -97.5 dBm -5.0 dB MCS 2 1323 kbps
PS 256
Equivalent UL Service
Cell Range for Limiting UL Service (128kbps)
Cell Range for Equivalent UL Service (256kbps)
Coverage Probability for DL service 95% x (0.36)2 / (0.46)2
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
PS 128
PS 256
% of total DL power dedicated to PDSCH
Geometry at the corresponding UL service range
The cell edge SINR
Downlink Budget
DL Power Settings
Depending on the OAM power offset settings for the Resource Elements (RE) of different channel types we can compute the Average PDSCH Power / OFDM Symbol Example below for 10MHz, 2 x 40W PA Power Average % power / symbol allocated to PDSCH REs 32.1 / 40 = 80.2%
Downlink Budget
Geometry & SINR (1/2) Geometry distributions from system simulations A range of UE configurations, both omni and, directional UEs (fixed wireless) Examples in LKB are for coverage reliabilities of 95% and 61% Yield Geometries of -3.9 & 4.7dB respectively
CDF
Geometry =
Rx Power
All
Rx PowerServing Site
Adjacent Site
100% 90% 80% 70%
Geometry Distributions (Different UE Configs)
61% Coverage Reliability 60%

50% 40% 30% 20%
Outdoor - 2 dBi - Omni Outdoor - 4 dBi - Omni Outdoor - 4 dBi - Direc. Outdoor - 6 dBi - Direc. Outdoor - 8 dBi - Direc. Outdoor - 10 dBi - Direc. Indoor - 0 dBi - Omni Indoor - 2 dBi - Omni Indoor - 4 dBi - Omni
An additional 1dB is subtracted from these geometry values to align with field expectations
95% Coverage Reliability
10% 0% -5.0 dB -1.0 dB 3.0 dB 7.0 dB 11.0 dB
15.0 dB
19.0 dB
23.0 dB
Geometry -3.9dB
Geometry Geometry 4.7dB
Downlink Budget
Geometry & SINR (2/2)
PDSCH SINR for a defined cell range and coverage reliability: PDSCHSINR = PDSCHRx / [ PDSCHRx Geometry + Thermal Noise] Where:
PDSCHRx = PowerPDSCH Total DL Losses PowerPDSCH = PowerMax PA x Power FractionPDSCH x RBService / RBMax
Power FractionPDSCH is the average fraction of the total power allocated to PDSCH Resource Elements (REs) per symbol across all RBs
Thermal Noise = 10 x log10( F x Nth x NRB x WRB )

F: eNode-B Noise figure in dB Nth: Thermal noise density, 10log(Nth) =-174 dBm/Hz NRB: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rate WRB: Bandwidth of one Resource Block
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
PS 128
PS 256
Max # RB for the bandwidth is assumed by default
The optimal MCS for the #RB and SINR Corresponding L1 Throughput for #RB, MCS and SINR

SINR Performances - Overview
Like the UL the DL SINR Performances depends on: eNode-B equipment performance Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed) Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way) Targeted data rate and quality of service The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions HARQ Operating Point 20% BLER for 1st HARQ Transmission considered by default Derived from link level simulations
Note: Currently the Link Level Simulations referenced in the DL LKB are for EVehA3km/h, 2x2 TxDiv

SINR - Selection of Optimal SINR Figures
Based on a set of link level simulation results: Full range of MCS values Full range of # RBs
111 11 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 111 11 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 111 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 111 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 111 11 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 1 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 MCS = 11 T'put (kbps)
LTE DL 1 1MIMO. EVA-1 x km/hr
Example for Downlink 50RB, 10MHz Bandwidth (2x2 MIMO)
Throughput (kbps)
111 11
1 -11 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SNR (dB)

Downlink Performance Analysis (1/3)
Downlink Link Level Results for: 25 RB, MCS 28, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth
111 11 kbps 111 11 kbps 111 11 kbps 111 1. % 111 1. %
12Mbps Throughput
Throughput
111 11 kbps
1. % 11
19.4dB SINR
11 kbps 11 11 kbps 11 11 kbps 11 11 kbps 11 1 kbps 1. 1 11 dB 1. 1 11 dB 1. 1 11 dB 1. 1 11 dB Throughput BLER_1
1. % 11
1. % 11
20% BLER
1. % 11
11 . % 1. 1 11 dB 1. 1 11 dB 1. 1 11 dB 1. 1 11 dB
SINR
BLER

Downlink Link Level Results for: 25 RB, 1-28 MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth -5dB cell edge SINR
1 1 1kbps 11 1 1 1kbps 11 1 1 1kbps 11 1 dB 1 1 dB 1 1 dB 1 1 dB 1 1dB 1dB
Throughput SINR
Throughput
1 1 kbps 11 1 1 kbps 11 1 1 kbps 11 1 1 kbps 11
-5dB Cell Edge SINR Target
-1dB -11 dB
660 kbps Tput

1kbps 1
MCS 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
MCS Index
SINR

Downlink Link Level Results for: 1 to 25 RB, All MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth -5dB cell edge SINR
11 kbps 11 MCS 1 Modulation & Coding Scheme MCS 1 11 1 kbps MCS 1 MCS 1 1 kbps 1
Throughput Throughput / RB MCS
Throughput
MCS 1 MCS 1 MCS 1 1 RB 1 RB 1 1 RB 1 1 RB 1 # Resource Blocks
1 kbps 1 RB
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW (Multiple Services)
PS 128
PS 256
PS 512
50 RB 9000 kHz 7 dB 18 dBi 0.5 dB 0 dB 21 dB 0.46 km 2 paths 30 W 80% 46.8 dBm 0 dBi 100% 0.30 km 122.4 dB 143.9 dB 40% 3.3 dB -79.1 dBm -82.4 dBm -97.5 dBm 3.2 dB MCS 10 8623 kbps

Summary
The downlink link budgets presented here are indicative of what rates are achievable within the corresponding UL service coverage areas LTE coverage is not considered to be limited by the DL for typical eNode-B output powers and deployment scenarios with a 23dBm UE output power, link budgets should remain uplink limited It is important to understand that: DL cell edge performances are strongly dependent upon scheduler parameters (e.g. tuning of the fairness of the proportional fair scheduler algorithm) or the available bandwidth (e.g. 10MHz vs 5MHz) DL performances in the link budget are based only on long term average PDSCH SINR values and do not account for dynamic channel variations that can be addressed with frequency selective scheduling functionalities Better estimates of DL performances can be achieved by means of: System level simulations and/or Radio Network Planning (RNP) analysis

Required DL Output Power ?
A series of system simulation studies were performed to assess the required Power Amplifier (PA) sizing for 3 different important cases 700 MHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz/AWS (5 MHz) and 2.6 GHz (20 MHz) All scenarios considered 2x2 MIMO on the DL and 2RxDiv on the UL In principle, all studies concluded the following: Spectrum efficiency for reasonable cell sizes is relatively invariant to reasonable choices for PA sizes Edge rates become much more sensitive to the choice of power at large cell radiuses

Downlink PA Sizing for LTE Conclusions
Recommendations from study (independent of frequency)
Carrier Bandwidths 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10.0 MHz 15.0 MHz 20.0 MHz
PA Power 2 x 10 W 2 x 10 W 2 x 20 W 2 x 30 W 2 x 40 W 2 x 40 W
RF Design
LTE eNode-B Dimensioning

Key Issues to be considered
Cell edge coverage expectations + depth of coverage
Coverage Capacity
Target operating frequency band + propagation assumptions Overlay versus Greenfield deployment Antenna system sharing requirements (impact on coverage + optimization constraints) Radio features, e.g. TMA, RRH, ICIC Subscriber usage profile Subscriber forecast Spectrum constraints Peak throughput requirements Radio features, e.g. ICIC
Rollout Phase
Site Field Positioning Principles
Based on Site Count (from RF dimensioning process)

Sites positioned to satisfy
RS coverage target (from LB for a target area reliability) Capacity requirement
Placed either manually or utilizing Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) tools
Site Sharing Approach:

The first and quickest approach without RNP is to overlay existing sites with LTE
A 1:1 mapping is most appropriate where the overlaid network is at a frequency band close to LTE band
Site overlay optimized with the aid of RNP predictions with an accurate propagation model
Sites can be added or deleted where there is limited or excess coverage, respectively Analysis performed at the same time as antenna azimuth optimization (see next slide)
Rollout Phase
RF Optimization Criteria
Azimuth optimization and tilt optimization are the main rules to optimize the network in order to have the best radio environment before implementing any features.
The aim are

Optimize coverage in order to reach RSRP targets To reduce the number of servers covering the same area in order to avoid excessive overlapping.
This minimize interference without impacting coverage, improve SINR so network performances like Throughput Capacity Frequency re-use efficiency
Rollout Phase
RSRP target
RS-RSSI: total power transmitted dedicated for Reference signal during one OFDM symbol duration Currently in Atoll it is more RS-RSSI is calculated, and the total power dedicated to RS is 1/6 of Max power. This approach is not 100% of the time in line wit power settings on the field
LA0.x for a 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm. Considering 10MHz bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over one OFDM symbol is 34.9dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 43dBm instead of 45dBm.
Rollout Phase
RSRP target LA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over one OFDM symbol is 36.2dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 44dBm instead of 45dBm.
LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over one OFDM symbol is 38.2dBm, Atoll calculates 40W/6, so 38dBm, so it is ok
3GPP RSRP definition:

Reference signal received power (RSRP), is determined for a considered cell as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.
Rollout Phase
RF Optimization Criteria Outdoor RSRP target depending on environment and frequencies for UL PS 128 service and UL PS 256, considering 45dBm PA power and 14.9 dBm Reference signal Tx power per RE. RSRP value does not depends on the number of transmit DL RS EIRP per RE and per transmit: 30.9dBm @ 2600MHz/2100MHz/AWS/1900MHz/1800MHz with 18dBi antenna gain & 2dB cable losses 30.9dBm @ 900MHz/850MHz with 17dBi antenna gain & 1dB cable losses 28.9dBm @700MHz with 15dBi antenna gain & 1 dB cable losses
Rollout Phase
RF Optimization Criteria
Currently the calculation done in 9155 is the sum of all Reference signal resource elements power transmitted in a same OFDM time period over all the bandwidth. This approach is not in line with 3GPP as 3GPP specify the linear average of reference signal resource elements. To compensate this error the following work around must be followed and based on the same analysis done for RS-RSSI calculation
LA0.x for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm.
For 5MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -19dB For 10MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -22dB For 20MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column: eNode-B PA power -25dB
Rollout Phase
RF Optimization Criteria LA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm.
LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm.
Rollout Phase
RF Optimization Criteria The method proposed is to:
Set indoor penetration losses in 9155 clutter table Use the UL Link Budget Available Path loss with 0dB penetration losses set in the LB for the dimensioning service selected,
Design RSRP = RS per RE EIRP+ ANT_GAIN Available Uplink Pathloss indoor losses
where:
RS per RE EIRP = Reference signal EIRP per resource element , it is automatically calculated by 9155 when the work around specified above is followed ANT_GAIN = Node-B antenna gain Available Uplink Pathloss: UL available pathloss calculated with the link budget when penetration loss is set to 0dB
The RSRP target values specified in slide , have been defined with this approach. If the user apply this approach, the following recommendation must be respected Select indoor loss icon in 9155 coverage study Do not select shadowing taken into account icon as it is already done in RSRP target calculated below
RF optimization criteria Overlapping optimization

The following rules are not technology specifics, and their efficiency have already been measured on GSM, W-CDMA networks. Pollution and interference analysis
Within 4dB of the best server number of servers should 4 % area with 4 servers should be < 2%. % of area with 2 servers should be < 30%. Within 10dB of the best server number of servers should 7 % of area with 7 servers should be < 2%. High signal level overlap analysis: Increase the design threshold for the covered area by 10dB % of 3 servers in the design area should not exceed 10%.. Example: if the RS design threshold is -85dBm, a number of servers analysis is done with a threshold equal to -75dBm.
RF optimization criteria SINR target

This target can be used with 9155 RNP tool, but it is not 100% sure that it can be measured on the field with high accuracy as it is not 3GPP measurement criteria. In 9155 SINR can be calculated based on reference signal, or PDSCH, and for loaded cases it provides the same results as power per RE RS= power per RE PDSCH The SINR target value depends on the traffic load:
95% of the design area should have SINR -5dB, with 100% DL load 95% of the design area should have a SINR -2dB with 50% DL load
SINR does not depends on number of transmits
RF optimization criteria RSRQ target

RSRQ= N*RSRP/RSSI where RSSI is all the power received in the N resource blocks used bandwidth during the same time period where RSRP is measured. RSRQ depends on the number of transit, as RSSI value depends on it, and not RSRP RSRQ target value depends on the traffic load: 1 transmit :
95% of the design area should have RSRQ -17dB, with 100% DL load 95% of the design area should have RSRQ -14dB, with 50% DL load
2 transmits :
4 transmits :
RF optimization criteria These targets are been obtained on several well known environments ; where a very good optimization has been done in W-CDMA due to critical inter-site distance : 400m. Same RNP environment has been re-used for LTE predictions without changing anything to evaluate the best SINR & RSRQ reachable in different full traffic load condition. The RNP prediction and RF optimization done for the different trials in US and Europe confirm that these targets can be reach and are a good way to optimize throughput and reduce interferences. Overlapping criteria, RSRQ target and SINR target defined above are in line to provide the same RF design. They allow managing interferences in order to obtain a RF network design able to support the best throughput .
10Mbps in cell center for mono-user when all surrounded cells have 100% load 1.5Mbps at cell edge in mono-user for 10MHz bandwidth when all surrounded cells have 100% load
RF optimization criteria Neighbors & Cell ID planning criteria

Cell id is required to identify each cell, a cell id is the combination of one of the 3 sequences supported by P-SCH and the group Id supported by S-SCH.
So Realizing a cell id planning = realizing P-SCH planning and S-SCH planning The strategy recommended is to use the same S-CH per site which induces that each sector uses a different P-SCH sequence
This distance depends on propagation path loss, the environment and the frequency. The main criteria are the following one: Considering two cells cell A and cell B, on the same frequency carrier using the same cell ID, the distance between those must satisfy the following criterias:
RSRP criteria At cell A edge (RSRPcellA -115dBm) : RSRPcellA : RSRPcellB + 10dB At cell B edge (RSRPcellB -115dBm): RSRPcellB : RSRPcellA + 10dB RSRQ criteria for 100% load case ( 2 transmits) At cell A edge (RSRQcellA -20dB) : RSRQcellA : RSRQcellB + 10dB At cell B edge (RSRQcellB -20dB): RSRQcellB : RSRQcellA + 10dB
RF optimization criteria Distance criteria

Dense urban/ urban
2km @ 2600MHz considering 600m cell radius 2,4km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 700m cell radius 5,5km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 1,7km cell radius 6Km @ 700MHz considering 1,9km cell radius
Suburban
6km @ 2600MHz considering 1,8km cell radius 7km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 2,2km cell radius 18km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 5,5km cell radius 20Km @ 700MHz considering 6km cell radius
Rural
17km @ 2600MHz considering 6km cell radius 21km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 7km cell radius 60km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 18km cell radius 65Km @ 700MHz considering 20km cell radius
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LTE PHY - Alcatel

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From LTE basics to 9155 LTE RF Design

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LTE Downlink: Frame Format, Channel Structure & Terminology

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LTE Downlink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology

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Downlink common Reference Signal structure

Downlink common Reference Signal structure per number of antenna port

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PBCH, SCH Time and frequency location

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Basic of cell search

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Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH

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Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH

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PCFICH & PHICH

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PDCCH: DCI formats carried