Technical Training 

Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv

Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 1
 What’s in the exhausts

• Airsubstances 99,7 % 80,0%

Nitrogen
60,0% Carbon dioxide

40,0% Steam
Oxygen
20,0%
Other
0,0%

• Other substances 0,3 % 0,20% Nitrogen oxide

0,15% Nitrogen dioxide

Hydrocarbon
0,10%
Carbon monoxide
0,05% Sulphur dioxide
Particles
0,00%

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 2
 Which substances are of interest

NOx - Nitrogen oxide

HC - Hydrocarbon
PM - Particles
CO - Carbon monoxide

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 3
 Nitrogen oxides ( NOx )
Nit
rog
en
&O
xyg
en
• Atmospheric air consists of
– 80% Nitrogen High temp
– 20% Oxygen

• NOx are formed by nitrogen and oxygen reacting in the air

at high temperature

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 4
 Relationships

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 5
 Diesel and our environment

• Technical methods to optimize NOx

– Lower the temperature in the combustion chamber
– Lower the Oxygen in the combustion chamber
– Water injection (temperature decrease)
– Recirculation of the exhausts (lowering the amount of
Oxygen)
– Decreased rotation
– Delayed injection timing (colder combustion)

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 6
 Hydrocarbons ( HC )

• Organic compounds (trash from fuel)

• Appears with unburned fuel and leaves a unpleasent smell

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 7
 Diesel and our environment

• Technical methods to optimize HC

– Raise the temperature in the combustion chamber
– Increased rotation
– Increase the amount of holes in the injector nozzle
– Decrease the sackvolume in the nozzle
– Particulates trap

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 8
 Particles ( PM )

• Contains 50%
40% Lubricants
30% Fuel
Sulphur & Steam
20%
Soot
10%
0%

• Appears after incomplete combustion from oil in the

combustion chamber and Sulphur in the fuel

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 9
 Diesel and our environment

• Technical methods to optimize Particles

– More air in the combustion chamber
– Higher injection pressure , smaller holes in the nozzle
– Increased rotation
– Higher temperature in the combustion chamber
– Higher compression
– Decrease of sackvolume
– Decrease of oil in the combustion chamber
– Less sulphur in the fuel

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 10
 Carbon monoxide ( CO )

• Toxic gas that appears after incomplete combustion

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 11
 Diesel and our environment

Alfa angle Comp. relat Comb. press Rotation Injec.press

NOx Late Low Low Low Low

HC Early High High High High

Part.& smoke Early High High Med Med

Fuelconsump Early Low High High High

Noise Late Low Low Low Low

Tendensy Late High Low Low High

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 12
 Emission legislations

Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 5
Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 13
 Emission legislations
10
8
6
4
2
0
n
io

...

...

...

...

...

...
at

5
ul

ro

ro

ro

ro

ro

ro
eg

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu
Eu

Eu
R

Carbon monoxid Hydrocarbon

Nitrogen oxides Particles
Smoke

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 14
 Test methods

Euro 2 Euro 3

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 15
 Fuel course

• Fuel feed starts 0,001 - 0,002 Sek

• Injection starts
– Ignition delay
• Mix delay 0,001 - 0,002 Sek
• Fuel burn off delay
• Cylinder compression
• Cylinder temperature
• Ignition 0,005 - 0,006 Sek
– Pressure raise

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 16
 Pressure raise

Ignition

Injection starts

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 17
 How do we use the engine ?

Train weight 30-40 ton,

>95 (1950 Nm )

60­95 (1900 Nm )
Load %

40­60 (1150 Nm )

20­40 (800 Nm )

<20 (<400 Nm )

Idle

0 10 20 30 40 50

% of used fuel

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 18
 Optimal fuel consumption

Example on Torque
diagram Full load

Medium load

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 19
 Optimal driving

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 20
 Optimal driving

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 21
 Specific fuel consumption

Engine type Power  Specific fuel consumption

[g/kWh] *
DC1101 340 193
DC1102 380 192

DSC1202 360 190

DSC1201 400 190
DSC1203 400 187 (Mexico)
DSC1205 420 187

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 22
 Calculation of Nox

1000 liter * 26g/liter = 23 kg NOx

30
25
20
Std
15
MK 1
10
5
0
Nox PM HC CO

Technical Training 
Reg. No. TEC XX.XX.XX.05-01 sv
Date 1999-08-24
Pre. date 1999-04-20 Slide 23