Name :- Chandrashekhar . Reg no:-65094006. Branch :-EEE 3rd yr. Lab:-technical seminar.

3-phase induction motors are simple, rugged , low cost , and easy to maintain. They run at essentially constant speed From zero-to-full load. Therefore, they are the motors most frequently encountered in industry.

A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts: A stator consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow , cylindrical core of stacked laminations. Slots on the internal circumference of the stator house the stator winding. A rotor also composed of punched laminations, with rotor slots for the rotor winding.

There are two-types of rotor windings: Squirrel-cage windings, which produce a squirrel-cage induction motor (most common) Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire, which produce a wound-rotor induction motor (special characteristics)

Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based upon the application of Faradays Law and the Lorentz Force on a conductor. Consider a series of conductors (length L) whose extremities are shorted by bars A and B. A permanent magnet moves at a speed v, so that its magnetic field sweeps across the conductors.

The following sequence of events takes place: 1. A voltage E = BLv is induced in each conductor while it is being cut by the flux (Faradays Law) 2. The induced voltage produces currents which circulate in a loop around the conductors (through the bars). 3. Since the current-carrying conductors lie in a magnetic field, they experience a mechanical force (Lorentz force). 4. The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor along with the magnetic field.

 Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles - windings AN, BN, CN. The windings are mechanically spaced at 120 from each other. The windings are connected to a 3-phase source. AC currents Ia, Ib and Ic will flow in the windings, but will be displaced in time by 120. Each winding produces its own MMF, which creates a flux across the hollow interior of the stator. The 3 fluxes combine to produce a magnetic field that rotates at the

In practice, induction motors have internal diameters that are smooth, instead of having salient poles. In this case, each pole covers 180 of the inner circumference of the rotor (pole pitch = 180). Also, instead of a single coil per pole, many coils are lodged in adjacent slots. The staggered coils are connected in series to form a phase group. Spreading the coil in this manner creates a sinusoidal flux distribution per pole, which improves performance and makes the motor less noisy.

The rotating speed of the revolving flux can be reduced by increasing the number of poles (in multiples of two). In a four-pole stator, the phase groups span an angle of 90. In a six-pole stator, the phase groups span an angle of 60. This leads to the definition of synchronous speed: Ns = 120 f / p Ns = synchronous speed (rpm) f = frequency of the supply (Hz) p = number of poles

The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed can be expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed, known as the slip.

s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor speed (rpm) At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%). At full load, the slip for large motors rarely exceeds 0.5%. For small motors at full load, it rarely exceeds 5%. The slip is 100% for locked rotor.

The frames of all industrial motors under 500hp have standardised dimensions. Therefore, motors (of the same frame size) can be interchanged without changing the mounting holes, the shaft height or the shaft coupling. The standards also establish limiting values for electrical, mechanical and thermal characteristics (such as starting torque, locked-rotor current, overload capacity and temperature rise).

More efficient. Less expensive. Less mathematical complex. Simple design.

Domestic fans. Industrial drives. Elevator and lift. Electric bike. Refrigerator.