Grand Unified theory, God Particle and the Missing Universe

Presented by
Abraham A. Christian College Chengannur
5/18/2012 1

Warning
What you will hear in this session may alter your perception of reality and the universe itself. Please stay awake.

However, just in case you sleep, dont snore.

5/18/2012 2

Fundamental interactions of nature

1/32

5/18/2012

2/32

Mediating particle concept

5/18/2012

3/32

Fundamental interaction characteristics

5/18/2012

4/32

The Elementary world

Matter
Leptons
(Irresponsive to Strong forces)

Hadrons
(Responsive to Strong forces) Mesons (2 Quarks) Baryons (3 Quarks)

5/18/2012

Just a few of them !

5/32

5/18/2012

6/32

I cant remember them all !!

"Young man, if I could remember the names of these particles, I would have been a botanist ! -Enrico Fermi to his student Lederman (both Nobel laureates)

5/18/2012

The Leptons

7/32

5/18/2012

8/32

Q.Which is the most abundant Matter particle in the universe?

The neutrino

5/18/2012

10

So many of them !
Every cm2 of Earth surface is crossed every second by more than 10 billion (1010) neutrinos produced in the Sun

9/32

1014 neutrinos per second from Sun are zipping through you

No worries! Neutrinos do not harm us. Our bodies are transparent to neutrinos.
5/18/2012 11

10/32

The puzzling neutrinos

o Near zero mass

oAlmost no interactions (only weak)

o Can cross light-years of material without being affected o Can travel from the most remote corners of the Universe bringing information from the origin of space and time

They do matter to us: If there were no neutrinos the sun would not shine!

5/18/2012

12

11/32

The Solar Neutrino mystery

R. Davis: Measuring the solar neutrino flux in a gold mine in South Dakota for 30 years (1969-1999)

and observing only 1/4 of the expected flux!! Why?

5/18/2012 13

The mystery solved-Neutrino oscillations

The neutrinos change from one kind to another through neutrino oscillations. Thus the expected reaction does not occur at the calculated rate.

12/32

nm

nt

11/40

A detector here does sees only nm

5/18/2012

A detector here sees only n t

14

13/32

Discovery of neutrino oscillation in the Super-Kamiokande (1998)

Koshiba (Super Kamiokande Spokesman) : 2002 Nobel Prize [shared with R.Davis]

o Half of the nm are lost! Oscillated to undetected nt

o Neutrons have negligible but non-zero mass
5/18/2012 15

14/32

5/18/2012

16

Internal structure of Hadrons

o Uneven internal distribution of charge. o Two or three intense charge regions. o Internal Quark structure inferred. o Quark + Anti-Quark structure for Mesons.

15/32

o Three Quark structure for Baryons.

5/18/2012

17

Generations of Quarks

16/32

Generations of Quarks are progressively heavy and require greater energy for production
5/18/2012 18

Colors of Quarks

17/32

oDifferent colors of Quarks can co-exist even if they have the other quantum numbers same. oBaryons with three colors of Quarks have no resultant color (in analogy with optics) . o Mesons also have no color due to color + anti-color 5/18/2012 addition.

19

Quark structure of some Hadrons

18/32

Omega Hyperon

Proton

Neutron

5/18/2012

20

Occurrence of Quarks
o Quarks have not been found in isolation.

19/32

o Quark confinement prevents their separation.

oThe phenomenon follows from the theory of Quantum Chromo dynamics (QCD)
o Forced Energetic separation of Quarks produce two new pairs of quarks.

5/18/2012

21

Quark confinement

20/32

There are no free quarks, quarks and anti-quarks are confined in colourless doublet (mesons) or triplets (baryons) by the exchange of gluons Decay

Z0

Gluon hold quarks together as they move further apart Here, the gluon connection snaps, and other quark-antiquark pairs are created out of the energy released
5/18/2012

The new quarks bound to the old quarks and form new mesons
22
S.Ward

Fundamental interactions Once more

21/32

5/18/2012

23

Electroweak force
Glashow, Weinberg and Salam (GWS, 1961 1968 ) developed a theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces into one electroweak force.
The Exchange particles are four Bosons generated through symmetry breaking
oZ oW+ oWoPhoton
5/18/2012 24

Unification stage-1

22/32

Standard Model success

o Electroweak + strong
o All matter constituents o 6 quarks and 6 Leptons

Unification stage-2

23/32

o Structure of matter ~10-18 m

o Pioneers awarded 20 Nobel prizes.

5/18/2012

25

Standard Model constituents

Unification stage-2

24/32

5/18/2012

26

Higgs field & God Particle

oHiggs field exists every where oThe field imparts mass to particles while breaking symmetry oMass Field interaction oInteraction mediated by the Higgs Boson

Unification stage-2

25/32

Ho

5/18/2012

27

Search for the Higgs Boson

oThe energy of the particle is >> Tev/c2 oIt is hoped that the LHC will produce the God particle

Unification stage-2

26/32

5/18/2012

28

The Grand Unification

Unification stage-3

27/32

5/18/2012

29

The GUT symmetry

Unification stage-3

28/32

S =S+ (1/2)

5/18/2012

30

The Land Marks in unification

29/32

5/18/2012

31

The fate of the Universe

30/32

5/18/2012

32

Composition of the Universe

31/32

5/18/2012

33

The Missing Universe

32/32

Chart of the matter of the universe-In a way, this chart is an embarrassment for scientists. We are only able to account for 4% of the matter in the universe.
5/18/2012 34

THANK YOU
5/18/2012

isureshabraham@gmail.com
35