N Tra sm LD n issionPre n a ion se t t

By

K. Prabhakar/ Manishkumar A. pillay

Network (Operations) Tata Teleservices Ltd

Confidential

28th Jan 2003

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SDH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM SDH BASICS

What is SDH? Characteristics of SDH ITU-Ts Recommendations Bit Rates Path and Section

What is SDH?
A New Digital Hierarchy
155.52 Mb/s, 622.08 Mb/s, 2488.32 Mb/s, 9953.28 Mb/s, 39813.120Mb/s Existing PDH and future ATM signals are carried over the SDH system.

Very basic functions are same as PDH.

Multiplex low bit rate digital signals to higher bit rate and transmit large information efficiently.

What are the differences ?

Synchronous Network
Basically, all network elements work on a single clock source.

Abundant Overhead Bits

To carry large information for Network Management.

Unified Interface and Multiplexing Specifications

Common to all countries. Standardized optical interfaces.

What are the benefits? (1) - Synchronous Network Simple multiplexing process Easy access to tributary signals in a multiplexed high bit rate signal.

ADD/DROP RING CROSS CONNECT

distribution survivability capacity management band width management protection route diversity

Simple Access to Tributaries

140M 34 M 8M 8M DD F 34 M 140M

A D D /D R O P M U X

PD H

2M S T M -1 ST M -1 M IN I X -C O N N

SDH
2M

What are the benefits? (2) - Overhead Bits

Realization of highly advanced Network Management System for:
Fault management Configuration management Performance management Security management Accounting management

What are benefits SDH? (3) - Unified Interface

Multi-vendor Environment
International Connection

What are SDH? - in conclusion

SDH is the infrastructure for the telecommunication network of the 21st century, providing board band and intelligent services.

ITU-Ts Recommendations on SDH

G.707 Network Node Interface for the SDH G.773 Protocol Suits for Q-interface G.774 SDH Management Information Model for the Network Element View G.781 Synchronization layer functions G.782 Types and General Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing Equipment G.783 Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing Equipment Functional Blocks G.784 SDH Management G.803 Architecture of Transport Networks Based on the SDH G.813 Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks(SEC) G.842 Interworking of SDH network protection architectures G.957 Optical Interfaces for Equipments and Systems Relating to SDH G.958 Digital Line Systems Based on SDH for Use on Optical Fiber Cables
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SDH Bit Rates

CEPT
2.048 Mb/s 8.448 Mb/s 34.368 Mb/s 139.264 Mb/s STM-0 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64

North America
1.544 Mb/s 6.312 Mb/s 44.376 Mb/s

Japan
1.544 6.312 32.064 97.728 Mb/s Mb/s Mb/s Mb/s PDH G.702

51.840 Mb/s 155.520 Mb/s 622.080 Mb/s 2,488.320 Mb/s 9,953.280 Mb/s STM: Synchronous Transport Module SDH G.707

STM-256 39,813.120 Mb/s

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Path and Section

Path Multiplex Section Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

MUX

LT REG REG

LT

MUX

VC Processing

STM-N Processing

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WDM Technology 1. WDM Outline

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WDM Outline (1) - Definition

Wavelength-division multiplex (WDM) system
A multi-channel fiber-optic transmission system in which one fiber transmits a number of client signals in the channels provided by different wavelength optical carriers.

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WDM Outline (2) - Non-WDM and WDM

Term REG REG REG REG Term Term REG REG REG REG Term Term REG REG REG REG Term Term REG REG REG REG Term Term REG REG REG REG Term Term REG REG REG REG Term Term REG REG REG REG Term Term REG REG REG REG Term

Non-WDM
Term Term OMUX Term Term Term Term Term Term ODMUX OA OA OA OA Term Term Term Term Term Term Term Term

WDM

Enhanced fiber efficiency. capacity expansion just by adding Easier transponders. Space & power saving at intermediate stations.

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WDM Outline (3) - Advantages

Cost-effective transmission
The resources of WDM system, consisting of a terminal pair and a line system, are shared by a number of channels. Use of the in-line amplifiers is more economical than that of 3R (Re-shaping, Re-timing and Re-generating) regenerators because an optical amplifier in the line system (in-line amplifier) collectively amplifies al the channel signals. Easier system expansion due to independence among the optical carrier wavelengths. Channel bit rate flexibility, up to 10 Gbit/s due to use of optical amplifiers.

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WDM Outline (4) - Disadvantages

Multi-channel failure possibility due to a line failure. Requirements for more deliberate design of the dispersion management, gain profile management and launched power due to broader wavelength range to be handled.

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WDM Technology 2. WDM System Configuration

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Terminal and Line Systems Overview

Client signals IL-AMP #1 WDM aggregate signals IL-AMP #n IL-AMP #1 IL-AMP #n Client signals

no sr ev noc h gne eva W i t l x u m d x u m ac t p O e/ l i

IL-AMP span

TERM system

Intermediate regenerator Line system

(n-1) IL-AMP spans

TERM system

no sr ev noc h gne eva W i t l x u m d x u m ac t p O e/ l i

x u m d x u m ac t p O e/ l i not ar e ne ger l a ng s h C i i -

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Terminal System Example of N-channel System

Client#1 Transponder (TPND)
Ch-N Ch-1 Transmit Amplifier (TXA) SV Coupler 1

X U MO

Line 1
Receive Amplifier (RXA) OSC

Ch-1

Line 2

X U MD O

Client#40 Transponder (TPND)

Ch-N

SV Coupler 2

Legend Ch: Channel DCF: Dispersion Compensation Fiber ODMUX: Optical Demultiplexer OMUX: Optical Multiplexer OSC: Optical Supervisory Channel Processor SV: Supervisory

DCF

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Line System (1) In-line Amplifier

Line 1 In-line Amplifier (ILA) SV Coupler SV Coupler Line 1

DCF OSC In-line Amplifier (ILA)

SV Coupler Line 2 DCF

SV Coupler Line 2

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Line System (2) Intermediate Regenerator

Line 1 RXA ODMUX Ch-1 OMUX TPNDBB TXA Line 1

Ch-N DCF DCF OSC Line 2 TPNDBB

TPNDBB OSC Ch-1 RXA Line 2

TXA OMUX

TPNDBB

Ch-N ODMUX

DCF

TERM System B-1

TERM System B-2

Legend TPNDBB: Transponder for back-to-back system

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WDM Technology

2. WDM System Configuration

2.1 WDM Terminal Functional Configuration

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Transponders Types and Functions

Two types of transponders are deployed. Pre-OTN type transponder, deployed in an
existing WDM system.
Wavelength conversion and/or 3R functions only.

OTN-compliant transponder, newly being deployed.

In addition to wavelength conversion and 3R functions, construction-and-termination of the optical-channel-related frame conforming to ITU-T Draft Recommendation G.709.

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Pre-OTN Transponder
Client Signal IN CLIENT Optical Receiver (OR)
O-to-E Conv. AGC AMP TIM EXT

Optical Sender (OS)

E-to-O Conv.

Channel Signal OUT CHANNEL-N

DEC

Client Signal OUT CLIENT

Optical Sender (OS)

E-to-O Conv.

Optical Receiver (OR)

AGC AMP TIM EXT O-to-E Conv.

Channel Signal IN CHANNEL-N

DEC

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OTN-compliant Transponder
Client Signal IN CLIENT Optical Receiver (OR)
O-to-E Conv. AGC AMP TIM EXT

Och Adapt. (Send)

FEC Cod. & OTUk Frame Construct.

Optical Sender (OS)

E-to-O Conv.

Channel Signal OUT CHANNEL-N

DEC

Client Signal OUT CLIENT

Optical Sender (OS)

E-to-O Conv.

Och Adapt. (Receive)

OTUk Frame Termination & FEC Dec.

Optical Receiver (OR)

DEC AGC AMP TIM EXT O-to-E Conv.

Channel Signal IN CHANNEL-N

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Optical Multiplexer (OMUX)

Wavelength n (n-1) (n-2) Channel #n #(n-1) #(n-2) 1 2 (n-1) n Wavelength 100 GHz Transmit Amplifier (TXA)

t nel C i

3 2 1

#3 #2 #1

Aggregate Signal over n-channels with wavelengths ranging from 1 to n. Channel spacing is 100 GHz and even.

OMUX

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Optical Demultiplexer (ODMUX)

Wavelength n (n-1) (n-2) Channel #n #(n-1) #(n-2) 1 2 (n-1) n Wavelength 100 GHz Receive Amplifier (RXA)

t nel C i

3 2 1

#3 #2 #1

Aggregate Signal over n-channels with wavelengths ranging from 1 to n. Channel spacing is 100 GHz and even.

ODMUX

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Transmit Amplifier (TXA) Example

EDF
INPUT
CPL CPL INPUT -MON PIN-PD Control Circuits WDM GEQ WDM PBS 980nm Pump-LD 1480nm x 4 Pump-LDs WDM PBS CPL CPL SV-IN CPL OUTPUT -MON PIN-PDs

EDF
OUTPUT

Performance MON-OUT
ALM: Alarm CPL: Coupler EDF: Erbium-doped Fiber GEQ : Gain Equalizer LD: Laser Diode MON: Monitor

ALM-OUT

PBS : Polarization Beam Splitter PD: Photo-detector SV: Supervisory WDM: WDM Coupler

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Receive Amplifier (RXA) - Example Receive Amplifier Example

EDF
INPUT
CPL CPL SV-OUT CPL INPUT -MON PIN-PD Control Circuits PBS 980nm Pump-LD 1480nm x 4 Pump-LDs PBS CPL OUTPUT -MON PIN-PDs WDM GEQ WDM WDM CPL

DCF

EDF
OUTPUT

Performance MON-OUT
ALM: Alarm CPL: Coupler DCF: Dispersion Compensation Fiber EDF: Erbium-doped Fiber GEQ : Gain Equalizer LD: Laser Diode

ALM-OUT
MON: Monitor PBS : Polarization Beam Splitter PD: Photo-detector SV: Supervisory WDM: WDM Coupler

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WDM Technology

2. WDM System Configuration 2.2 Wavelength Range and Wavelength Allocation

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Wavelength Range appropriate for WDM

0.4

0.3
Loss [dB/km]

Low-loss range

0.2
C band L band

1530 - 1562 nm 1574 - 1608 nm

0.1

0.0 1300

1400

1500

1600

Wavelength [nm]

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Channel number Carrier frequency Carrier wavelength

Note 1: Optical carriers are allocated on ITU-T 100 GHz (0.1 THz) grid in Rec. G. 692.

3: Channel numbering scheme is NEC-proprietary.

C40 C39 C38 C37 C36 C35 C34 C33 C32 C31 C30 C29 C28 C27 C26 C25 C24 C23 C22 C21 Tone ch. C20 C19 C18 C17 C16 C15 C14 C13 C12 C11 C10 C09 C08 C07 C06 C05 C04 C03 C02 C01 196.0 195.9 195.8 195.7 195.6 195.5 195.4 195.3 195.2 195.1 195.0 194.9 194.8 194.7 194.6 194.5 194.3 194.2 194.1 194.0 193.9 193.8 193.7 193.6 193.5 193.4 193.3 193.2 193.1 193.0 192.9 192.8 192.7 192.6 192.5 192.4 192.3 192.2 192.1 192.0 191.9 (nm) (THz) 1530.33 1531.12 1531.90 1532.68 1533.47 1534.25 1535.04 1535.82 1536.61 1537.40 1538.19 1538.98 1539.77 1540.56 1541.35 1542.14 1542.94 1543.73 1544.53 1545.32 1546.12 1546.92 1547.72 1548.52 1549.32 1550.12 1550.92 1551.72 1552.52 1553.33 1554.13 1554.94 1555.75 1556.56 1557.36 1558.17 1558.98 1559.79 1560.61 1561.42 1562.23
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2: Tone channel is dedicated for operation & maintenance support.

Wavelength Allocation C band

Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)

OSC is the dedicated engineering service channel defined in ITU-T Rec. G. 692.
ITU-T Recommendation G.692 assigns (151010) nm or (198.51.4) THz for the OSC frequency or wavelength. While the 1510 nm is convenient for C-band, another supplier-proprietary OSC wavelength such as 1630 nm can be assigned for L-band. The OSC transmits the line supervisory or engineering service information such as the number of traffic channels installed and order wire traffic etc.

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WDM Technology WDM System Configuration

Transmission Performance Objective, Problem and Solutions

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Transmission Performance - Measure

As a digital transmission system, transmission performance of a WDM system is assessed by data transmission errors in bit-error ratio (BER).

Two causes of transmission errors:

1. Optical noise, referred to as the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), created and accumulated in the optical amplifiers used as ILAs. 2. Waveform distortion created in the optical fibers. Generally, the effect by ASE is predominant over that by the waveform distortion.

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Performance Degradation Factors

Degradation factors ASE created & accumulated by EDFAs as ILAs Degradation by Performance assessment parameters Optical signalto-noise ratio (SNRo) Optical Q-factor, or simply Q, as a measure of the eye diagram quality

Noise AND

Optical fiber dispersions & non-linear effects

Waveform distortion

TPND

TPND

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Gain Profile Management (1)

The gain profile management regulates the gain profile, or the gain-to-wavelength characteristics, to meet the BER requirements of the individual channels.
The gain profile of an optical amplifier covering a range of wavelength generally exhibits uneven characteristics as shown simply below.
WDM signal input to AMP AMP gain-WL characteristics WDM signal output from AMP (Uneven gain profile) (Uneven ch-signal levels)

l eve r e wo P l

Wavelength(WL)

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Gain Profile Management (2)

Purpose of the gain profile management is to compress, or equalize, the wavelength-dependent gain variation into acceptable limits using GEQ.
WDM signal input to AMP AMP gain-WL characteristics (Uneven gain profile) GEQ gain-WL characteristics

l eve r e wo P l

Wavelength(WL)

(AMP + GEQ) gain-WL characteristics

WDM signal output from AMP (Even ch-signal levels)

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THANK YOU

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