Click to edit Master subtitle style

5/22/12

Fouriers Transform
The pick up coil receives many different frequency oscillations. Use Fouriers Transform to process the data.

Signal Strength

Transfor m 4

Time [s]

-1 1. 5/22/12

0.25 0.5 1. Freqency 0 [Hz] f = 1/T = = .25 = 1/T = f = .5= f = 1/T

Signal Strength

1. 5 1

1. 5

Fourier Transform (cont.)

The pickup coil does not distinguish between the input of each hydrogen. They are all read together, and constructively and destructively interfere.
1 1 1 Fouriers allows us to determine which frequencies are along the axis. + Time [s] Curre instance, if there are two hydrogen = different Time [s] For at Time [s] 4 nt frequencies along4an axis: -1 -1 -1

Signal Strength

nal Strength

Fouri er

1 0.25

1 0.25

1 0.25

5/22/12

0.

Frequency

Frequency

0.

Frequency

2D Fourier Transform
Recall that the second axis is resolved with a phase encoding gradient. These hydrogen have the same frequency, but interfere with each other

due to phase shift. 1

Signal Strength

Time [s]
1

+
4
1

=
4
1

A 1D Fourier Transform cannot distinguish between shifted phases. But if we take the Fourier Transform again, orthogonal to the first access the phase encoding gradient can be distinguished! The resulting data is known as a K-Space.

5/22/12

K-Space
A 2D Fourier transform is conducted by performing two Fourier transforms orthogonal to each other. This yields a K-Space An example is seen on the right. The K-Space undergoes an Inverse Fourier Transform.
5/22/12

Following this mathematical step, we

K-Space [Contd.]
General spatial information is concentrated towards the center of K-Space In the figure to the right we see an image formed taking only the Inverse Fourier Transform of the center As seen on the of the K-Space. right, the peripheral regions of the K-Space encode for the edges of the 5/22/12 image.

What is Image Formation?

5/22/12

How Image Is Formed?

5/22/12

But MRI does not use projection, reflection, or refraction mechanisms commonly used in optical imging 5/22/12 methods

MR SIGNAL
Collected by a coil Encoded through a series of

complex techniques and calculations

Stored as data
5/22/12

Mapped onto an image matrix

TR - REPETITION TIME
Time from the application of one RF pulse to another RF pulse

TE - ECHO TIME
Time from the application of the RF pulse to the peak of the signal induced in the coil
5/22/12

T1 WEIGHTING
A short TR and short TE will result in a T1 weighted image Excellent for demonstrating anatomy

T2 WEIGHTING
A long TR and long TE will result in a T2 weighted image Excellent for demonstrating pathology

MANY OTHER DIFFERENT TYPES OF IMAGES THAT COMBINE ABOVE AND 5/22/12 INCLUDE OTHER PARAMETERS

What is the difference between T1 and T2?

Tissue in the human body has its own T1

and T2 value.

For example, white matter in the brain will

exhibit different T1 and T2 values than that of blood. emitted radio signal from a particular tissue depends on combination of that tissue's T1 and T2 values.

In magnetic resonance imaging, the

5/22/12

T1 & T2 images
T1 T2

5/22/12

Imaging
The images created in an M.R.I. can be in any plane: axial, coronal, or sagittal.
v

Axial

Coronal Sagittal

It creates cross-sectional images or slices of a body 5/22/12 part:think of the body part as a loaf of bread, and each
v

Some MRI Images

Abdomen

5/22/12

Knee Brain

5/22/12