(SDLC)

System Development Life Cycle

PHASE-I

Initial investigation

Feasibility study
PHASE-II

System Analysis

PHASE-III

Maintenance
PHASE-VIII

PHASE-IV

System design

Implementation Testing
PHASE-VII PHASE-VI

System Coding

PHASE-V

Introduction The system development life cycle (SDLC) is the traditional system development method used by most organizations. the period of time begins when a system is conceived and ends when a system is fully operational for use and gets maintained is called the development life cycle of a system The SDLC is a structured framework that consist of sequential process by which information system are developed.
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In the past, developers used the waterfall approach to the SDLC, in which task in one stage were completed before the work proceeded to the next stage. Today, developers go back and forth among the stages as necessary.

SDLC consist the following phases: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Preliminary Investigation Feasibility study System Analysis System Design Coding Testing Implementation Maintenance
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1.Preliminary Investigation:: This phase is very important as in this phase system analyst identify the real problem of the existing system, without clear understanding of the problem in the system, any further work done will lead to wastage of efforts at a later stage. Problem definition defines the user requirements, or what user expect from the system.

this phases also sets the projects boundaries, which defines what parts of the system can be changes by the project and what part should remain unchanged. This also include a rough idea of the resources requirements, estimated start and completion dates for each phases and the number of persons expected to be involved in each phase for project.
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2. Feasibility Study:: A feasibility study is undertaken to determine the possibilities of either improving the existing system or develop a completely new system. This study also help to obtain an overview of the problem and to get rough assessment of whether feasible solution exist or not. Feasibility studies are used as a basis for deciding whether to proceed with, postpone or cancel the project.
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There are three aspects of feasibility study as follows: 1.Technical feasibility= (Analyze of present technology + Recognition of improvement + finance consideration) 2.Economical feasibility = (Benefits + Savings are compared with the cost) 3.Operational feasibility = Working of System
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1.Technical Feasibility- Technical feasibility centers around the required/existing computer system (hardware/software) and to what extent it can support the proposed application.

Technical feasibility is concerned with specifying equipment and software that will successfully support the required task.

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Ex. If the current computer is operating at 80% capacity, then running another application could overload the system and require additional hardware. This study should answer the following questions 1. Whether the project can be carried out with the existing equipments?

2. Whether the existing software is enough?

3. If a new technology is required?
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2. Economic Feasibility- Economic feasibility is the most frequent used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system. Cost-benefits analysis is performed to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from the system and compare them with costs.

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By conducting this study the analyst can ascertain the followings:

1. Whether the project is economically

feasible?

2. If enough funds are not available, then what are the sources of funds? 3. Whether there are sufficient benefits when compared with the cost incurred?

4. If the total cost is more than savings then the system is not feasible.
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3. Operational feasibility- Operational feasibility is concern with human organizational and political aspects. Operation feasibility covers two aspects. One is technical performance and other is acceptance within the organization. Technical performance include issues such as determining whether the system can provide the right information for the organization at the needed place, at the right time.
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Other is the analyst should determine:

1.Whether the system can be used if is developed and implemented. (system should be compatible). 2.Will there be resistance from users that will cripple the possible application benefits? (system should be user friendly).

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3. System Analysis:: The analysis phases is the detailed understanding of all important facts of the business area under investigation. In this the relationship of the various system components among themselves and with environment are studied and understood. This requires data collection from a variety of sources. For this, questionnaires, forms, interviews, study of existing documents, records etc. are used.
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The analyst must try to answer the following set of questions: 1.What is being done in the organizations.

2.How it is being done?

3.What are the problem arise, how will it be solved.

4.If a problem arise, how will it be solved?

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Development of prototype: A prototype is a model of the final system. The purpose of a prototype is to allow the user to see some thing concrete. The prototype shows the user how some part of the system will look. The system that is developed at a high cost may fail in certain situation. To avoid it, the analyst should design a mini-system similar to the one to be developed. The prototype act as a test system. If this system is successful, the analyst can start designing.
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4. System Design:: the most creative and challenging phase of system development life cycle is system design. each module after successful completion of system analysis, the system is designed. In system design phase, first the system is broken down into different module and then its each module is designed. Design of system is largely the logical design. The logical design can be sketched on a paper or on a computer terminal.
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The design also including the physical design element, describe the data to be inputted, the process involved in the manipulation of data and the output.

1.The analyst should specify the file structures, storage devices etc.
2.The database is also designed in this phases. 3.Input, output, files and procedures are planned.
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5. System coding:: The next phase is concerned with translating the system design specification developed. When the design is accepted by the requested department, the analyst begins developing the software using programming language. This is the phase when the programmer plays their role in development of the system. They start designing data structures and writing of programs as per the documents prepared during design phase.
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6. System Testing:: Testing is the most vital phase of SDLC. Once the system is designed it should be tested for validity. In this phase, the system as a whole is tested with different techniques to ensure that the system is bug free. Although, during design, the programmers test their programs but this sort of testing is generally unrecognized without preparation of test data. During testing phase, the testing is done in systematic way in order to ensure the reliability of the system and to make it error free.
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7. Implementation:: Implementation is the final phase of development. After testing, the system is installed at the users place and implemented. It consist of installing hardware, programs, collecting data and organizing people to interact with and run the system. In the implementation phase, user actually starts using the system. This phase also involves training the users for using the system.

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Implementation can be done in two ways. One way is by implementing the new system along with the old system and make them run in parallel. The other method is to replace the entire system. In large organizations, the new system can be implemented in certain areas as a pilot project and if satisfactory result are obtained, it can be implemented to other areas also.

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8.Maintenance:: Maintenance is the process of incorporating changes in the implemented existing system for proper utilization. This involve enhancement, adaptation and corrections. 1. Enhancement: Enhancement implies adding new functions or additional capabilities to the system.

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2.

Adoption: Adoption implies customizing the software to run in the new environment Correction: Correction implies correcting the bugs in the existing software.

3.

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