CEMENT STABILIZATION OF

ROADS

CSIR Transportek
Frank Netterberg
VKE/Soillab
(C&CI Steering Committee)

Terms of Reference
Consortium was contracted by the
Cement and Concrete Institute (C&CI)
on behalf of its members to:
Investigate the influence of the new SABS
EN 197-1 cement specifications on the use
of cement as a road material stabilizer (ie
is TRH 13 still appropriate).

Progress and programme

Interviews within the industry (completed)
Design laboratory test programme (completed)
Carry out laboratory testing (completing 3 weeks)
Report (end July 2003)
Workshop

Test programme
Seven cements
Two materials
Initially workability and strength to be
assessed

Cements
Cement

Source

Specific characteristics

CEM I 42,5
CEM I 42,5
CEM II A-M (S) 42,5
CEM II A-M (L) 42,5
CEM II A-L 32,5
CEM II B-V 32,5
CEM III A 32,5

PPC Hercules OPC

Lafarge Lichtenburg Duratech
Alpha Roodepoort
Lafarge Lichtenburg Powercrete
PPC Slurry Surebuild
Alpha All Purpose
NPC Eagle Pro

High C3A content

Mod C3A content
Portland composite (Slag)
Portland composite (limestone)
Portland limestone cement
Portland flyash cement
Blastfurnace cement

Full range of standard and non-standard cement tests on each cement

Materials
Dolerite (low plasticity index (PI < 6)
Dolerite (medium-high PI 10)

Full range of standard and non-standard material tests on each

sample

Stabilization tests
All tests with 3% cement and at 100 % Mod
AASHTO effort
All tests use < 37.5 mm fraction
Materials compacted after 2 and 4 hours
Materials conditioned at 10, 23 and 40C
Cured for 7 days at 23C and 95-100%
humidity
Tested for density and strength (UCS and
ITS)

Results
STABILIZER ADDED

NPC Eagle
CemIII A-S
32.5
2116
10.2

Alpha
High
Strength
CemII A-M
42.5
2062
10.8

Alpha All
Purpose
CemII B-V
32.5
2132
10.2

PPC
Surebuild
CEM ll A-L
32.5
2079
11.4

HOPC
CEM l 42.5
2062
11.3

Duratech
CemI 42.5
2093
11.2

2106
148

2114
287.8

2120
271.3

2127
260.7

2119
218.7

2096
354.4

2111
324.8

(kg/m )
ITS (kPa)
Avg.
Density

2092
60.8

2057
222

2146
214.6

2068
172.7

2068
322.3

2081
296

2114
282.9

(kg/m 3 )
ITS (kPa)
Avg.
Density

2061
89.6

2070
189.1

2076
135.7

2023
111.8

2010
162.8

2037
185

2062
212.1

2100
187.5

2125
393

2097
291.9

2111
169.4

2057
371.7

2061
333.8

2133
320.7

2080
129.9

2054
167.7

2145
207.2

2039
254.1

2109
147.2

2073
208

2098
209.7

2057
42.8

2035
115.1

2051
74.8

1992
75.6

2020
149.6

2028
151

2068
176

4 hours after hydration

2 hours after hydration

3
Max. dry density (kg/m
)
Optimummoisture (%)
Avg.
Density

@ 10C

@ 23C

@ 40C

@ 10C

@ 23C

@ 40C

(kg/m )
ITS (kPa)
Avg.
Density

(kg/m )
ITS (kPa)
Avg.
Density
(kg/m )
ITS (kPa)
Avg.
Density
(kg/m )
ITS (kPa)

WR03/
Powercrete
CemII A-M
42.5
2085
11.5

2160
2140

Dry density (kg/m3)

2120
2100
2080
2060
2040
2020
2000
1980
2

4
C onditioning time (hrs)

7(10)
1(10)
2(10)
3(10)
4(10)
5(10)
6(10)
1(23)
2(23)
3(23)
4(23)
5(23)
6(23)
7(23)
1(40)
2(40)
3(40)
4(40)
5(40)
6(40)
7(40)
M ean 10
M ean 23
M ean 40

4000
3500
3000

UCS (kPa)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2

4
C o n d itio n in g tim e (h rs )

7(10)
1(10)
2(10)
3(10)
4(10)
5(10)
6(10)
1(23)
2(23)
3(23)
4(23)
5(23)
6(23)
7(23)
1(40)
2(40)
3(40)
4(40)
5(40)
6(40)
7(40)
M ean 10
M ean 23
M ean 40

40 0
35 0
30 0

ITS (kPa)

25 0
20 0
15 0
10 0
50
0
2

4
C o n d itio n in g tim e (h rs)

7(10)
1(10)
2(10)
3(10)
4(10)
5(10)
6(10)
1(23)
2(23)
3(23)
4(23)
5(23)
6(23)
7(23)
1(40)
2(40)
3(40)
4(40)
5(40)
6(40)
7(40)
M ean 10
M ean 23
M ean 40

CEM 1
4000
3500

UCS (kPa)

3000
2500

1(10)
2(10)
1(23)
2(23)
1(40)
2(40)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
2

4
Conditioning time (hrs)

CEM II (23oC)
4000
3500

UCS (kPa)

3000
2500
3(23)
4(23)
5(23)
6(23)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
2

4
Conditioning time (hrs)

CEM II 40oC
4000
3500

UCS (kPa)

3000
2500
3(40)
4(40)
5(40)
6(40)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
2

4
Conditioning time (hrs)

CEM III
4000
3500

UCS (kPa)

3000
2500
7(10)
7(23)
7(40)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
2

4
Conditioning time (hrs)

bryan@cnci.org.za