INVERTERS FOR THE GRID Click to edit Master subtitle style CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS

Presented by DEEPTI GUPTA (POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES) (11SETMT104001) 5/30/12

Schematic diagram of grid connected PV System

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GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS

Grid-Connected PV system consists of PV modules, grid-connected inverters, metering device and power distribution system

The solar energy is converted into DC current by PV modules and then feeding into the local power grid network by the grid-connected inverters which synchronizing the frequency, phase and pure sine waveform with the power network.

The synchronized power is partially used for local load demands and partially is fed to the power company.
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Why we use a Grid Connected PV System?

Grid connected means that our system is connected to the utility lines, or the "grid".

A grid connected PV system is designed to meet all, or a portion of our daily energy needs.

This connection enables us to obtain the balance of our electricity from our local utility.

It also allows us to send excess solar electricity back to our power company for later use.

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Use of Inverters in Grid connected PV Systems

PV systems provide direct current (DC) voltage.

To feed to the grid, this DC voltage has to be inverted to the grid alternating current (AC) voltage by a grid-tied inverter, synchronizing automatically its AC output to the exact AC voltage and frequency of the grid.

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continued..
The second important job of the solar power inverter is to control the PV system to run near its Maximum Power Point (MPP),

the operating point where the combined values of the current and voltage of the solar modules result in a maximum power output.

This MPP fluctuates during operation in an interval depending on the radiation, the cell temperature and the cell type and has so to be tracked by the inverter controlling unit

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GRID CONNECTED INVERTER

The generated power in PV cells can be used in a standalone

system or can be fed to the AC main grid.

In

standalone systems, the output power of the PV system can also be stored in batteries. the battery systems are expensive, bulky and require high maintenance.
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However,

CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER FOR GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS

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The proposed two-stage PV GCI topology is based on a current-source inverter and illustrated in the figure

This circuit topology is an extension of a Switched-Mode rectifier (SMR) circuit that was originally proposed for automotive applications , where it acted as a DC-DC converter.

The circuit uses a DC link inductor (L) in series with the PV panel to produce a constant-current source (Figure)

A boost switch (will be named as a current wave shaper, WS) is used to produce a PWM output current that resembles a rectified sine wave that is in-phase with the grid. 5/30/12

The thyristor based H-bridge inverter in the circuit unfolds the output of the current wave-shaper to produce a sinusoidal AC output current.

An output LC filter (CF and LF) is used to remove the PWM switching components (Figure).

The H-bridge inverter (unfolding circuit) in the circuit is controlled by a microcontroller, which is also used to detect zero-crossings of the mains voltage and to control the duty-cycle of the WS switch. 5/30/12

CONVERETER SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS

Line frequency transformer configuration

Transform less configuration with DC/DC boosting and stabilizing converter

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CENTRALIZED INVERTER

Application in three-phase PV systems

Power ranging from 10 kW

Connection of the modules to a DC bus

High power losses

Voltage high enough to avoid the use of transformers or boost converters

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STRING INVERTER

Small domestic applications Power ranging from 0.5kW to 1 kW

Reduced version of centralized inverter with one string connected to an inverter, facilitating the MPPT

Very flexible configuration Each group have different space orientation

Parallel work of several inverters boost the reliability 5/30/12

MULTISTRING INVERTERS
Further development of the string inverter

Each PV module is interfaced by its own dc/dc converter and then connected to an inverter

Further enlargements of the PV plant are easily done because of the dc/dc converters

Reduced power losses

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AC MODULE CONCEPT

Complex topology Small-scale residential applications DC/DC converter modules DC/AC inverter modules

DC bus works as a current sharing carried parallel and redundant operation of dc/ac inverter modules are realized without communication link between them Each module unit has independent functions
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POWER ELECTRONIC CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Two stage topologies for single module- ex. DC/ grid-connected voltage source PWM inverter

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FLY-BACK INVERTER TOPOLOGY

Composed of buck-boost converter, fly back converter, common transformer and cyclo-converter at the output Low number of components

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FLY-BACK CURRENT FED INVERTER TOPOLOGY

Provide rectified sine-wave output current

Keep the MPPT PV voltage

Grid inverter may be implemented with thyristors

The current into fly-back is discontinuous

Buffer capacitor is either for low and high frequency 5/30/12 ripple

SERIES RESONANT DC/DC CONVERTER AND BRIDGE GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER

The inverter is modified by adding two diodes

Dc/dc converter has fixed voltage transfer ratio

Switching losses reduced

Grid inverter- high and low switching frequencies

Left leg- controlled by hysteresis band controller, operates at 20-80 kHz 5/30/12

SINGLE-STAGE TOPOLOGY FOR MULTIPLE MODULES

Consists of standard voltage source PWM inverter and LCL filter

High efficiency -97%

High power losses during partial shading- all modules are connected to the same MPPT device

Power decoupling between PV and grid- large capacitor

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HALF-BRIDGE DIODE CLAMPED THREE-LEVEL TOPOLOGY

The three- level inverter can be expanded into 5, 7 and more levels, by adding more modules and switches

Possible further reduction of the harmonic distortion High number of required semiconductors Imbalanced loading of the different strings

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TWO STAGE TOPOLOGIES FOR MULTIPLE MODULES

Can be realized by:

Series connected modules- similar to the two stage topology for single modules

Separate dc/dc converter for each module string and common dc/ac inverter

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MULTISTRING TOPOLOGY
DC/DC boost converter for each one of the strings of PV Common half-bridge inverter

The circuit also can be realized with galvanic isolated push-pull or full bridge converter
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CONCLUSION

Different topologies for different applications and referring to different combinations of power electronic devices for optimal required parameters

Different topologies with regards to different number of PV modules connected

Different topologies to research the inverter operation under certain conditions- input/output active/reactive power voltage etc.
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REFERENCES

Current-Source Grid-Connected Converter Topology

for Photovoltaic Systems. Ertasgin, D.M. Whaley, N. Ertugrul and W.L. Soong School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Adelaide gurhan@eleceng.adelaide.edu.au

Zacharias P. Use of Electronics- Based Power Conversion for Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources, ISET 2008

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system

5/30/12 DER lab Young researchers and PhD seminar