BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY (IOT)

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING
&
1

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Group Members 2
Addisu Feyissa.079/2001 Alem Hailu...117/2001 Andinet Fikadu.168/2001

Birhanu Girma..315/2001
Biruk Teshome..326/2001

Delelegn Zeleke377/2001
Desalegn Gibtsu395/2001

Contents
3

Introduction

Formation of Fossil Fuels

Types of Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels in Ethiopia

Use of Fossil fuels Problems in using Fossil Fuels Conclussion

Energy Conversion & Rural Electrification

4

Project 1

Servay of National Fossil Fuels

1. Introduction
Our World has so many energy sourses. e.g energy
5

from the sun,wind and falling water. We can also get energy from materials which are found under ground that contain stored energy. These stored energy sourses are known as Fossil Fuels (it took million of years for fossil fuels to come to be). Becouse of so long time to be formed again, most geologists feel that little or no new fossil fuel is being produced. For this reason, we call fossil fuels "are nonrenewable" energy sources.

Contd
6

By digging out the deposited energy sources and

burn them, we can get useful energy. Electric power generation has to be applied on Fossil Fuels before any use. Fossil fuels are the dominant sources of primary energy in the world economy.

2. Formation of Fossil Fuels

7

Fossil fuels are found deposited in rock formations. They were formed between 350 million and 650

million years ago. The processes by which they formed are not totally understood. Decayed remains of ancient plants and/or animals were buried by sediments. Through the action of heat and pressure over millions of centuries, they were chemically changed.

Contd
8

These sediments exerted pressure one on the other

for thousands of years:-results heat. Through the action of heat and pressure over millions of centuries, they were chemically changed:chemical reaction takes place. Decayed remains of ancient plants or animals were buried (covered) by sediments and form layers as they sank under the water of swamps.

3.Types of Fossil fuels

9

Because of they have been formed from the

organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals, this implies that fossil fuels are indirect form of chemically stored energy. The main constituents of fossil fuels are

1. Crude Oil 2. Natural gas 3. Coal

10 Crude Oil

Oil is found in beds of sedimentary rocks.

It is account for the largest share in the

worlds primary energy. There are so many consumers of oil. Among them the transport sector will be increasingly important as a consumer of oil. The share of final energy consumption of oil is rising from 47% in 2002 to 54% by 2030 according to world energy out look.

contd
11

In the developing economies, the demand for oil will rise

not only because of transport, but also the following needs.

consumption in the industrial residential services sectors

The growth of oil supply is 77 million barrels per day in

2000 to 121.3 million barrels per day in 2030 (IEA 2004). Volatility in oil prices can be occasioned by the impact of severe weather conditions on offshore supplies, industrial strife impacting on short-term supplies, the threat of terrorist strikes against oil infrastructure, and political uncertainties in producing regions like the Middle East, Russia, Central Asia, Venezuela and Africa

Natural gas
12

Natural gas is composed primarily of methane (CH4). It

does contain other chemical species, such as butane and propane. It has much to offer as an energy source that makes it preferable to other forms of fossil fuels. It burns much cleaner than coal or oil, and it produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of energy. Initially, it was used for lighting in homes and buildings. The increased production of electricity to day led to a decline in this usage, although there became a growing demand for its use to heat homes, water and cook.

Contd
13

Its simple chemical nature makes it a much better

source to use in high efficiency fuel cells than either coal or gas As a usable energy source, natural gas really has only one stumbling block, but it is a major one. it is hard to transport and store. If the transport or storage system is not completely sealed, natural gas will leak. These problems have kept natural gas from widespread usage throughout history, even though its existence has been known about for a long time.

Coal 14
Coal resources are vast and widely distributed

around the world. . This gives coal a major advantage, from an energysecurity perspective, over other fuels. . However, only some of these resources are economically recoverable using current technology. Nonetheless, using estimates of proven coal reserves (coal that is both technologically and economically recoverable), todays world reserve base represents more than 200 years of current production.

Contd 15
The outlook for coal production and supply costs is

subject to less uncertainty than are those for oil and gas. Continued productivity gains should result in some further cost reductions. While coal plants have relatively high capital costs, fuel costs are low relative to natural gas and coal plants will remain highly cost-competitive in the most efficient coal producing regions of the advanced economies. The biggest uncertainty for the coal industry concerns demand, which in turn is heavily dependent on how coal-combustion technologies develop in response to environmental worries.

3.Fossil Fuels in Ethiopia

16

Energy is needed as an input in industry, agriculture,

mining, construction and service-giving organization. Ethiopia is one of the countries that depend upon imported petroleum products. The yearly import of petroleum products is absorbing more than one third of Ethiopias annual exporting products. The need of domestic fuel in the country is the major factor for deforestation and soil degradation.

Contd 17
Inter-Trappean coal and oil shale deposits are distributed on

the South-Western and Central Plateau of Ethiopia:1. Delbi-Moye 2. Yayu 3. Lalo-Sapo 4. Sola and Chida 5. Chilga, 6. Nejo, 7. Mush Valley The intra-cratonic Ogaden Basin (Eastern Ethiopia) and Blue Nile Basin (Central Ethiopia) covers an area of 350,000 km and 120,000 km2, respectively.

18

 Delbi is found 390 km west of Addis Ababa, and 48

Delbi-Moye Basin
19

km south of Jimma. The basin is located between 2060 and 2240 meters above sea level. A total of 25 boreholes were drilled in the DelbiMoye Basin. It consists of the lower basalt, lower sedimentary formation, middle basalt, upper sedimentary formation, upper basalt and acidic to intermediate volcanics.

20 Yayu

Yayu is 564 km from Addis Ababa along Jimma-

Bedle Gambella road or 500 km along NekemteBedle-Gambella road. The basin is found between 1300 and 1700 m above sea level. A total of 100 boreholes were drilled in the Yayu Basin. A total of 200,000,000 tones of coal deposits estimated in the Yayu Basin.

Chilga Basin
21

Chilga is located 52 km southwest of Gonder.

The basin is found between 1900 and 2100 m above

sea level. 12 boreholes were drilled in the central part of the basin. The Chilga coal reserve is estimated to be 19, 700, 000 tones.

Nejo basin town of Nekemte. Nejo is located 190 km west of the

The basin is found between 1700 and 1950 m above

22

sea level. The area consists of Precambrian basement rocks, Tertiary sediments and Tertiary volcanics. The total reserves coal in the Nejo area is estimated to be 3 million tones

Mush valley
23

Mush Valley is situated 159 km northeast of Addis

Ababa along Addis Ababa-Dessie road. The area is found between 2600-2800 m above sea level. The Inter-Trappean coal-bearing lacustrine sediments predominantly composed of sandstones, siltstones, carbonaceous shales and coal seams. Two coal seams are interbedded at different levels in the coal-bearing sediments.

Wuchale area 24
Wuchale is 62 km from Dessie along Addis Ababa-

Mekele road. The area is found between 2067 and 3560 m above sea level. The total reserve is estimated to be 3.3 million tones.

How to generate electricity 25

The chemical energy stored in solid fuel is used to

generate steam. This steam then drives turbine that drives a generator to produce electricity. This process takes stored chemical energy to kinetic to electrical energy. This is similar to the way that power can be harnessed using hydro-electric and wind turbines. Types of fossil fuel electricity generation facilities commonly found

26 Contd

steam cycle facilities (commonly used for large base load facilities); ii. open cycle gas turbines (commonly used for moderate sized peaking facilities); iii. cogeneration and combined cycle facility (the combination of gas turbines or internal combustion engines with heat recovery systems); and iv. internal combustion engines (commonly used for small remote sites or stand-by (emergency) generation).
i.

 Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt.

5.Use of Fossil fuels

27

Oil and gas can be burnt directly

Coal-Fired Steam Cycle

28

The characteristics and composition of coal vary

more than those for other fuels commonly used in electricity production). Ash is also extracted from the bottom of the boiler (bottom ash). Ash is transported to ash dams as a slurry, dense phase (paste), or dry. Fly ash from some power stations can be used as a resource, such as blending with cement. Ash is composed of modified coal mineral matter, i.e. primarily compounds of silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, manganese, potassium, sodium and

29 Contd

The major emissions to air include carbon monoxide

(CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), emissions of metals (usually reported as metal & compounds for the NPI),organic compounds, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour. Carbon dioxide and water vapour are not NPI substances and are not reported to the NPI.

Gas and Oil-Fired Steam Cycle

30

A major difference between coal-fired facilities and

gas or oil-fired facilities, is that gas and oil facilities burn the fuel with minimal on-site processing before combustion. Generally, they do not have control equipment to collect particulate matter, as emissions of particulate matter are low for gas and generally low for oil. Emissions to air include carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), minor emissions of metals and metal compounds and organics, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) for oil firing.

Contd
Fig.

over all flow diagram for a steam cycle facility

31

6.Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels

Carbon Monoxide. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a

32

product of incomplete combustion of any fuel. It is both a highly poisonous gas and the principal constituent of photochemical smog Sulfur Oxides. Sulfur oxides arise during combustion from oxidation of sulfur in sulfur containing fuels (some coals and some petroleum-based products). The principal product is sulfur dioxide: S (in fuel) + O2 SO2

Contd
33

Nitrogen Oxides. Nitrogen oxides have two

sources. Fuel NOx is produced when nitrogen atoms chemically combined with the molecules of the fuel are oxidized during the combustion process to form nitric oxide: 2 N (in fuel) + O2 2 NO Unburned Hydrocarbons. Unburned hydrocarbons represent another source of air pollution associated with the use of fossil fuels (especially gasoline), even though they are not a result of combustion. Greenhouse Effect social and economic effect

7.How to solve the problem

34

reduce capacity or close down the plant; reduce emissions by installing scrubbers or

switching to low-sulfur fuel; purchase emissions allowances from companies (electric power plants, primarily) that exceed their emission reduction goals.

8.Conclusion
35

The Ethiopian coal and oil shale deposits occur between

two volcanic flows. The coal and oil shale-bearing sedimentary basins in Ethiopia are one of the striking examples of an Inter-Trappean continental sedimentation. Proximate and calorific value analysis results revealed that the Ethiopian coal deposits range from lignitebituminous coal. The coal measures of Ethiopia belong to tertiary and minor amounts of Mesozoic age. Various geochemical studies were carried out to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the Ethiopian coal deposits. Oil and gas deposits possibly plays major role in the future energy budget of Ethiopia.

Contd 36
The coal and oil shale deposits of Ethiopia can be

used for as a substitution firewood. production of oil and gas. to relieve the pressure on using wood as fuel for small-scale industries. gasification of lignite to produce chemical fertilizers. the low-medium volatile bituminous coals of Moye area used to produce coking coals for smelting of iron.

Recommendations
37

Extracting of Fossil fuels is very expensive, so the

government should invest funds on the extracting of these sources and open access for foreign investors. There should be educated power in the field studying about fossil fuels and other natural resources. The government should give special attention for national resources because, The yearly import of petroleum products is absorbing more than one third of Ethiopias annual exporting products.