SMN3023

ADVANCED CALCULUS

GROUP C
NAME CHAN LEE LING MATRIX NUMBER D20092036897

ASMIDA BINTI CHE ME

NOORUL ASMA BINTI ABDUL SAMAT SITI NAILAH SAKINAH BINTI MOHD SALEH

D20091034995
D20092036907 D20091035018

WHAT DOES IT MEAN BY CONIC SECTION?

A conic section is the intersection of a plane and a cone

.

Circle

Ellipse(h)

Parabola(h)

Hyperbola(h)

Ellipse(v)

Parabola(v)

Hyperbola(v)

By changing the angle and location of intersection, we can produce a circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola; or in the special case when the plane touches the vertex: a point, line or 2 intersecting lines

Point

Line

Double Line

General Equation for a Conic Section

Ax Bxy Cy Dx Ey F 0
2 2

The type of section can be found from the sign of:

If b2 4ac is.......
<0 =0 >0

then the curve is a... ellipse, circle, point or no curve.

parabola, 2 parallel lines, 1 line or no curve

hyperbola or 2 intersecting lines.

TYPE OF CONIC SECTION

Circle Ellipse Hyperbola Parabola

FORMING OF CONIC SECTIONS

The conics get their name from the fact that they
can be formed by passing a plane through a double-napped cone

CONIC SECTIONS : CIRCLE

DEFINITION OF CIRCLE
A

circle is all points equidistant (the distance is called the radius) from one point (which is called the center of the circle). A circle can be formed by slicing a right circular cone with a plane traveling parallel to the base of the cone.

RELATED TERMS IN CIRCLE

Arc:

a curved line that is part of the circumference of a circle Chord: a line segment within a circle that touches 2 points on the circle. Circumference: the distance around the circle. Diameter: the longest distance from one end of a circle to the other.

 Origin:

the center of the circle Pi: A number, 3.141592, equal to (the circumference) / (the diameter) of any circle. Radius: distance from center of circle to any point on it. Sector: is like a slice of pie (a circle wedge). Tangent of circle: a line perpendicular to the radius that touches ONLY one point on the circle.

HOW TO GRAPH A CIRCLE

Centre

at the origin Centre away from the origin

CENTRE AT THE ORIGIN

Realize that the circle is centered at the origin and place this point there. Calculate the radius by solving for r Plot the radius points on the coordinate plane. Connect the dots to graph the circle using a smooth, round curve.

CENTRE AWAY FROM THE ORIGIN

Locate the center of the circle from the equation (h, v). Calculate the radius by solving for r. Plot the radius points on the coordinate plane. Connect the dots to the graph of the circle with a round, smooth curve

EXAMPLE
Show that the expression

represents the equation of a circle. Find its centre and radius.

SOLUTION

Using completing the square

 taking

the free constants to the right-hand

side

By comparing this with the standard form we conclude this represents the equation of a circle with centre at coordinate position (1, -3) and radius 2

CIRCLES IN REAL LIFE APPLICATION

The circle, as a wheel, is one of the greatest inventions

of all time and the basis of much of our transportation system. Circular gears are important elements in many of the machines we use every day, from CD players to electric saws.

CIRCLES IN REAL LIFE APPLICATION

The distance around a circle is called the circumference. The formula for finding the circumference of a circle is "circumference of a circle equals pi times the diameter of the circle":

CONIC SECTION : ELLIPSE

INTRODUCTION
An ellipse is a plane

curve that results from the intersection of a cone by

a plane in a way that produces

a closed curve.

THE PARTS OF THE ELLIPSE

An ellipse has two lengths (major and minor axes) Vertices of an ellipse are the endpoints of the major axis

Foci of the ellipse always lie on the

major axis

THE EQUATION OF THE ELLIPSE

The point F1 and F2 are called the foci (plural of focus) of the ellipse.

The point P is a typical point on

the ellipse. If we denote this constant by 2a,

a > 0, then |PF1| + |PF2| = 2a for

any point P on the ellipse.

THE EQUATION OF THE ELLIPSE

d1 is the distance between (x,y) and (-

c,0) and d2 is the distance between (x,y)

and (c,0).

After substituting, we have our desired

equation:

HORIZONTAL ELLIPSE
Center: (0, 0) Vertices: (a, 0) (-a, 0) Foci: (c, 0) (-c, 0) Major Axis: 2a Minor Axis: 2b Distance between foci: 2c

VERTICAL ELLIPSE
Center: (0, 0) Vertices: (a, 0) (-a, 0) Foci: (c, 0) (-c, 0) Major Axis: 2a Minor Axis: 2b Distance between foci: 2c

TRANSLATION OF ELLIPSE
Center: (h, k) Vertices: (a+h, k) (-a+h, k) Foci: (c+h, k) (-c+h, k) Major Axis: 2a Minor Axis: 2b Distance between foci: 2c

GEOMETRY OF ELLIPSE
The focal constant is equal to the
major axis. Since the point (a, 0) is on the ellipse, the sum of the distances from (a, 0) to the foci (c, 0) and (-c, 0) equals the focal constant. This distance is :

GEOMETRY OF ELLIPSE

Since the distance from (0, b) to each focus is equal, the distance from (0, b) to each focus must equal a.

This creates a right triangle with legs of length b and c, and hypotenuse of length a, giving the relation

APPLICATION OF ELLIPSE: SOLAR SYSTEM

The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.

The orbits of the moon and of artificial satellites of the earth are also elliptical as are the paths of comets in permanent orbit around the sun

APPLICATION OF ELLIPSE: ELLIPTICAL GEAR

An ellipse is defined by a set of points in a plane This enables elliptical gears cut about their foci to run at a constant center

distance.

Using precision elliptical bilobe gears, flowmeters can have good linearity over a wide range of flow rates and viscosities.

CONIC SECTIONS : HYPERBOLA

DEFINITION
A hyperbola is the set of all points (x, y) such that the difference of the distances between (x, y) and two distinct points is a constant. The fixed points are called the foci of the hyperbola. The graph of a hyperbola has two parts, called branches. Each part resembles a parabola but is a slightly different shape. A hyperbola has two vertices that lie on an axis of symmetry called the transverse axis. For the hyperbolas, the transverse axis is either horizontal or vertical.

EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 1 , where, 2 2 a b a horizontal distance from the center to the box b vertical from the center to the box c distance from the center to the focus = distance from the center to the vertex of box For both vertical and horizontal hyperbolas, a 2 b2 c2

GRAPH OF HYPERBOLA
Horizontal

Tranverse Axis Vertical Tranverse Axis

HORIZONTAL TRANVERSE AXIS

The branches of the hyperbola open left and right

( x h) ( y k ) 2 1 2 a b
2 2

VERTICAL TRANVERSE AXIS

The branches of the hyperbola open up and down.

( y k ) ( x h) 2 1 2 b a
2 2

ASYMPTOTE
The graph of an hyperbola gets fairly flat and straight when it gets far away from its center. From the graph, it will look very much like an "X", with maybe a little curviness near the middle.

These "nearly straight" parts get very close to what are called the asymptotes of the hyperbola.
For an hyperbola centered at (h, k) and having fixed values a and b, the asymptotes are given by the following equations:

Horizontal

b y ( x h) k a

Vertical

a y ( x h) k b

ECCENTRICITY
Hyperbolas can be fairly straight or else pretty bendy. The eccentricity is the ratio of the distance from the center to a focus divided by the distance from the center to a vertex. In other words, eccentricity can be defined as the measure of the amount of curvature is the where

c e a

Bigger values of e correspond to the straighter types of hyperbolas, while values closer to 1 correspond to hyperbolas whose graphs curve quickly away from their centers.

EXAMPLE QUESTION
Find the center, vertices, foci, eccentricity, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with the given equation, and sketch the graph of

y2 x2 1 25 144

SOLUTION
Since the y part of the equation is added, then the center, foci, and vertices will be above and below the center (on a line paralleling the y-axis), rather than side by side.

From the denominator, we know that a 2 25 a5 c a 13 e 5 e and b 2 144 b 12

From equation c 2 a 2 b 2 , we know that c 13 Then,

Since x 2 ( x 0) 2 and y 2 ( y 0) 2 then, the center is at (h, k ) (0, 0) So, the foci are at (0, 13) and (0,13) and the vertices are at (0,5) and (0, 5)
Because the y part of the equation is dominant (being added, not subtracted), then the slope of the asymptotes has the a on top, so the slopes will be
m 5 12
Center : (0, 0) Vertices : (0, 5) and (0, 5) Foci : (0,-13) and (0,13) 13 5 5 Asymptotes, y x 12 Eccentricity, e

APPLICATION OF HYPERBOLA
Sonic booms are created when an object exceeds the speed of sound in air The shock wave of a sonic boom takes the shape of a cone, and when it intersects the ground, it takes the shape of a hyperbola. Every point on the curve is hit at the same time, so everyone on the ground will hear the sound at the same time.

Another application of hyperbolas involves radio waves.

When there are two points where radio signals are emitted, the signals form concentric circles intersecting each other.
The patterns created by the intersecting circles of radio waves form the shapes of hyperbolas.

CONIC SECTIONS : PARABOLA

Definition : Parabola is the set of all point P(x, y) in the plane that are equidistant from a fixed line L, called the directrix, and fixed point F, called the focus.

Equation of a parabola

x 2 ( y p) 2 y p
Squaring both sides and simplifying lead to x2 = 4py

Standard form Standard form for the equation of a parabola with focus F(0,p) and directrix y = -p. In like manner, if the directrix and focus are x = -p and F(0,p), respectively, there find the standard form for the equation of the parabola is
y2 = 4px

Technique of graphing
x2 = 4py, p > 0
fokus

x2 = 4py, p < 0
F(o,p) vertex y = -p

axis directrix

vertex

y = -p
axis

directrix fokus F(0,p)

y2 = 4px, p > 0
directrix F(0,p) axis vertex fokus

y2 = 4px, p < 0
directrix F(0,p) axis fokus vertex x= -p

x = -p

EXAMPLE QUESTION
.

Find the vertex, focus, axis, directrix, and graph of the parabola.

y 4 y 8 x 28 0
2

SOLUTION
In order to write the equation in one of the standard forms we complete the square in y :

y 2 4 y 4 8 x 28 4 ( y 2) 2 8( x 4)
Comparing the last equation with (6) we conclude that the vertex is (-4,2) and that 4p=8 or p=2. From p=2>0, the parabola opens to the right and the focus is 2 units to the right of the vertex at (-2, 2). The directrix is the vertical line 2 units to the left of the vertex, x = -6. Knowing that the parabola opens to the right from the point (-4,2) also tells us that the graph has intercept. To find the x-intercept we set y=0 in (7) and find immediately

7 x 2

7 ( , 0). To find the y-intercepts we set x= 0 in (7) The intercept is 2 and find form the quadratic formula that y 2 4 2 or y 7.66
and y 3.66 . The y-intercept are (0, 2 4 2 ) and (0, 2 4 2)

x = -6

(-2, 2) (-4, 2)

(y - 2)2 = 8(x+4)

APPLICATION OF PARABOLA
1. Braking Distance Formula

The following table is taken from a Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles Manual and it shows the Reaction Distance, the Braking Distance, and the Total Stopping Distance at various speeds. The Reaction Distance is the distance that your car travels from the time that the driver sees the need to do so until his foot hits the brake. The braking distance is the distance that the car travels after the brakes are applied until it comes to a stop. The Total Stopping Distance is the sum of the Reaction Distance and the Braking Distance.

2. Heater Heaters are sold which make use of the relection property of the parabola. The heat source is at the focus and heat is concentrated in parallel rays.

3. Path of a Ball Gallileo was the first to show that the path of an object thrown in space is a parabola.

4. Antenna of a Radio Telescope All incoming rays parallel to the axis of the parabola are reflected through the focus.

5. Flashlights & Headlights In terms of a car headlight, this property is used to reflect the light rays emanating from the focus of the parabola (where the actual light bulb is located) in parallel rays.

6. Parabolic Reflector Parabolic reflectors work in much the same way as flashlights and antennas.

7. Path of a Projectile

Galileo Galilei found that all objects thrown form a parabolic path, no matter what. He deduced this by the simple observation of watching objects being thrown. Galileo is responsible for the modern concepts of velocity and acceleration to explain projectile motion that is studied today: A projectile which is carried by a uniform horizontal motion compounded with a naturally accelerated vertical motion describes a path which is a semi-parabola.