BASIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ADIZA JAMADIN FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

Learning out-comes
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
List out the relevant codes of practice used in concrete design (CO1) b) Explain the concept of SLS and ULS(CO1) c) Explain a basic concept of concrete design(CO1).
a)

Structural Design
Design is the planning that lay the basis for the

making of every object or system.

Structural design is the selection of materials and

member type, size and configuration to carry loads in a safe and suitable for usage. It is also consider to be build and maintenance with a minimum cost.

Design in Reinforced Concrete

Importance of RC, it being one of the principal

materials used in structural design. Complimentary properties and cost consequences. Overall economy with the advantages of corrosion and fire resistance. Type of application: Structural Frames, Retaining Walls, Water Retaining structures, Highways Bridges

WHAT ?
REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)

- Composite material consisting of STEEL reinforcing bars embedded in CONCRETE (mix of cement, aggregates, sand and water).

WHY ?
REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)

- CONCRETE has a good compressive strength, while; - STEEL has a very high tensile strength compared to concrete. So it makes the structures strong enough.
Load

Compression

Tension Reinforcement steel bar Cracking

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
COLUMN BEAM RIBBED SLAB JOIST BEAM

COLUMN

SLAB
WALL

STAIRCASES

SLAB

PAD FOOTING

These structures are normally designed in accordance with a variety of CODES: BS 5400: Code of Practice for the Design of Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges. BS 8007: Code of Practice for the Design of Concrete structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids. BS 8110: Code of Practice for the Structural use of Concrete

BS8110 is divided into 3 parts; Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction. Covers material commonly required for everyday design. Part 2: Code of Practice for Special Circumstances. Torsion, Deflection and Elastic Deformation Part 3: Design Charts for Singly Reinforced Beams, Doubly Reinforced and Rectangular Columns. Charts for the design of singly reinforced beams, doubly reinforced beams and rectangular columns

Irrespective of the element being designed a designer will need an understanding of :

The symbols used The Basis of Design Material Properties Loading Stress Strain Relationships Durability and Fire Resistance Symbols

Basis of Design
Purposes of design to achieve acceptable probabilities that a structure will not become unfit for its intended use, that is will not reach a limit state.

Limit State method - with two principal states normally covered.

Limit State method

Ultimate Limit State (ULS) In which the structure, or some part of it, is unsafe for its intended purpose, e.g compressive tensile, shear or flexure failure or instability leading to partial or total collapse. Present a direct risk to the safety of individuals. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) In which a condition, e.g deflection, vibration or cracking, occurs to an extent, causing discomfort to the occupants. Not resulting in a direct risk to the safety of people but the structure unsuitable for its intended purpose.

Material Properties:
Characteristic Strength of Concrete, fcu is a 28 day
Concrete Grade C25 C30 C35 C40 C45

characteristic compressive cube strength, the value as below;

Characteristic Strength (N/mm2) fcu 25 30 35 40 45

C50

50

 Characteristic Strength of reinforcement fy is the yield

or proof stress.
Reinforcement Type Characteristic Strength (N/mm2) fy 250 460

Hot Rolled Mild steel High Yield Steel

Design Strength In order to take account of the ; difference between actual and laboratory values, local weaknesses, and inaccuracies in the assessment of the resistance of sections the Characteristic Strengths, fk (fcu or fy) are divided by an appropriate partial safety factor for strength,m . Design Strength = fk / m

Partial safety factors for Strength of Material

Material and Stress type
Reinforcement Concrete - Flexure or Axial Load Concrete - Shear, unreinforced Concrete - bond Concrete - other e.g. bearing

Partial Safety Factor, m

1.05 1.5 1.25 1.4 >1.5

Loading
Characteristic Loads Gk, Dead load - Loads due to effects of gravity, i.e. the self-weight of all permanent construction such as beams, columns, floors, walls, roofs and finishes. Qk, Imposed Load - Loads due to variable effects such as the movement of people, furniture, equipment and traffic.

Characteristic Loads Wk, Wind Load - Loads is variable and its source is outwith human control. Its influence on a geographical location, building dimension, wind speed and direction, and etc. BS 648:Schedule of Weights for Building Materials BS 6399: Design Loadings for Buildings, Part 1: Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed loads are useful documents in which to find values to be used in calculations.

Design Loads
In order to account for Variation in Loads due to: Errors in the analysis and Design Constructional inaccuracies Possible load increases

The Characteristic Loads Fk are multiplied by the appropriate partial safety factor for loads, f to give the Design Loads acting on the structure Design Load = Fk .f

Load Combination Dead Load, Gk Dead + Imposed Dead + Wind 1.4 1.4

Ultimate Imposed Load, Qk 1.6 Wind Load, Wk 1.4

Serviceability All, Gk, Qk, Wk 1.0 1.0

Dead + Wind + Imposed

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

Generally the adverse factors are used to determine the design loads acting on a structure. Elastic analyses then allow the determination of maximum BMs and Shears for which sections must be capable of sustaining.

Stress-Strain Curves
Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete A typical curve for concrete is shown below:

Approx. 0.002

Approx. 0.002

BS 8110 makes use of a modified stress-strain curve as shown

DURABILITY & FIRE RESISTANCE

As well as the need to design structures to withstand the applied loads due consideration must be given to both durability and fire resistance. In fact it can be seen that the design of an element can not begin without considering these factors in some way.

Durability Signs of concrete deterioration are nowadays far too common. Exs..... Repair can be very costly and difficult. Improved durability is therefore paramount.
How can this be achieved: cover to reinforcement minimum cement content maximum water/cement ratio maximum crack widths

The table gives nominal (min+5) depths of cover to be used for a variety of exposure conditions. Note linkage with Max. water/cement ratio, Min. cement content and concrete grade

Fire Protection
Fire protection of reinforced concrete members is largely achieved by specifying limits for:
Cover to reinforcement

minimum dimensions for section

This table shows the nominal cover to ALL reinforcement to meet the specified period of fire resistance

In addition to cover we must also consider minimum section dimensions which vary depending upon the element considered and its location as indicated(BS8110):

Minimum dimensions of reinforced concrete members for fire resistance