Submitted By:Anuj Gupta B.

Tech (EC)

Introduction Evolution Techniques

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Inductive charging Evanescent wave coupling Capacitive induction Far field electricity transmission Using microwave

Recent Trends Advantages & Hurdles References

Have you ever thought of charging your cell phone or laptop without cumbersome wires?

We are surrounded by electronic gadgets and equipments, and most of them run on electricity from battery, as source. Battery makes these electronic gadgets mobile which makes it easy to carry them around anywhere. But when the battery runs low we rush to the nearest wired power source to recharge the battery. Now imagine a way through which we can recharge the battery without the wirerecharger. We have been using electricity for more than a century now and all these years electricity is transmitted through some physical connections. Is it possible to done away with wire cables altogether and have free electricity transmission without the physical connection? o It is possible through wireless transmission of electricity.

1820: Andre Ampere develops Amperes law proving that electric current in a metal conductor produces a magnetic field around it. 1831: Michael Faraday develops faradays law describing that a magnetic field is induced when a metal is subjected to time varying magnetic field flux. 1883: Nikola Tesla demonstrates the wireless illumination of lamps thus proving the possibility of wireless power transmission. 1897: Tesla got the first patent registered for wireless transmission. 1964: William brown demonstrated a model helicopter flown with a beam of microwave sent from the ground. 1973: worlds first RFID system was demonstrated in Los Alamos National lab. 2008: Intel reproduces Teslas 1894 electrodynamics induction and wirelessly powered a bulb with 75% energy efficiency. 2010: Haier Group debuts worlds first completely wireless LCD television based on Teslas electrodynamics induction process.

Inductive Charging; Evanescent Wave Coupling;

Capacitive Induction;
Far Field Electricity Transmission; Microwave Transmission.

Induction is the production of electricity across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic field moving or a conductor moving through a changing magnetic field. When a conductor is subjected through a changing magnetic field a current is induced in the conductor and this current can be stored or used. The transfer of energy takes place by electromagnetic coupling through a process known as mutual induction. This process works only in short distances and can be used to run electric gadgets. The basic wireless charger consists of the units which produces the changing magnetic field in varying degree. These chargers are now commercially available and this can be used to charge any device which uses a battery. Like cell phones, lap tops etc.

There are 2 induction coils: One is in the charger, and other is in the device to be charged. Primary coil is fixed in the charger When electric current flows through this coil , it produces a varying magnetic field across the coil. secondary coil is fixed in device to be charged. When it comes under the effect of magnetic field produces by primary coil in the charger, secondary coil in device produces an electric current in it, which is then uses to charge the batteries

If you place a second coil of wire in the magnetic field you've created, the field can induce a current in the wire. This is essentially how a transformer works, and it's how an electric toothbrush recharges. It takes three basic steps:

An electric toothbrush's base and handle contain coils that allow the battery to recharge

1.Current from the wall outlet flows through a coil inside the charger, creating a magnetic field. In a transformer, this coil is called the primary winding.
2.When you place your toothbrush in the charger, the magnetic field induces a current in another coil, or secondary winding, which connects to the battery. 3.This current recharges the battery.

Mobile phone & camera charging By same charging mat

charging mat

This concept works on the principle that if both the coils of the gadget and the transmitter to resonate at the same frequency then electricity can be induced in them. One good point to be noted is that this process can be carried out even if distance between the conductor coil and the transmitter coil is high and even multiple devices can be powered through this process till they share the same frequency. This wave coupler can power all electric devices in a home. The efficiency of this process depends on the distance between the transmitter and the conductor coil. The efficiency is highest when both the couples are tight and with increase in distance the magnetic energy is lost between the coils and efficiency reduces. This technology is not commercially available yet but the future is bright as lots of research is going on.

Household devices produce relatively small magnetic field. For this reason chargers hold devices at a distance necessary to induce a current, which can only happen if the coils are close together. a larger, stronger field could induce current from farther away, but the process would be extremely inefficient. Since magnetic field spreads in all directions, making a larger one would waste a lot of energy. In November 2006,however, researcher sat MIT reported that they had discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils spread by a few meters. The term theorized that they could eted the distance between coils by adding resonance to the equation. Research at MIT indicates that the induction can take place a little differently if the electromagnetic fields around the coils resonate at same frequency. The theory a curved coil of wire as a inductor. A capacitance plate , which can hold a charge, attaches to each end of coil. As electricity travels through this coil, the coil begins to resonate. Its resonant frequency is product of the induction of the coil and the capacitance of the plates.

Different devices with resonant induction recharging

Capacitive Induction or Capacitive coupling is an electric field created through differential capacities between two electrodes using high frequency AC current. The alternative current produces a changing electric field which induces a current in the electrodes. This effect is knows as Tesla effect.

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the above stated technologies are used to transmit power wireless through a small distance often in centimetre or in inches. But there are ways to transmit power to large distances. This can be achieved using the radio or microwave power transmission. The main criterion here is also the efficiency. If we can transmit large power efficiently over large distance then this technology could be used widely. First we look at Radio/Microwave power transmission.

The Magnetron The MAGNETRON , is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates differently from the linear-beam tubes. CROSSEDELECTRON and MAGNETIC fields are used in the magnetron to produce the high-power output required in radar and communications equipment.

The basic addition in the device for reception of microwave is Rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC electricity. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from most antenna A simple rectenna can be constructed from a schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves.

The sensor circuitry is a simple circuit, which detects if the mobile phone receives any message signal. This is required, as the phone has to be charged as long as the user is talking. Thus a simple F to V converter would serve our purpose. In India the operating frequency of the mobile phone operators is generally 900MHz or 1800MHz for the GSM system for mobile communication. Thus the usage of simple F to V converters would act as switches to trigger the rectenna circuit to on. A simple yet powerful F to V converter is LM2907. Using LM2907 would greatly serve our purpose. It acts as a switch for triggering the rectenna circuitry. Thus on the reception of the signal the sensor circuitry directs the rectenna circuit to ON and the mobile phone begins to charge using the microwave power.

The induction based wireless chargers are already available in the market. Some companies are already marketing their products with wireless charger. The induction based chargers have achieved efficiency between 80 to 90%. The evanescent wave coupling is still in research stage, but once this technology is viable then all electronic component in a home can be charged with a single transmitter placed centrally in a home. In far field electricity transmission the technology can transmit power but it is not economically viable due to less efficiency and high input cost. The Dell Latitude series laptop which uses worlds first wireless recharging pad to charges its batteries In 2009 Haier announced worlds first wireless LED TV. The figure of the TV is given below.

DELL

Wireless laptop charger

HAIER

The working of powermats is based on the phenomenon of magnetic induction and a proprietary technology of Powermat itself. The transfer of power from the powermat to the receiver of a particular device takes place through electromagnetic field. When a particular device is placed on the powermat, the charging requirements are automatically detected. Desired amount of electricity is then sent to that device. Once the battery is charged completely, powermat stops the charging process; this is known as auto-termination.

POWERMA T

Apple has recently launched iphone With powermat charging .

More than one devices are charging at once

The best advantage is saying goodbye to having several different chargers for all your handheld gadgets like your mobile phone or MP3 player and make use of the technology that can charge all of them at once, without having to plug any of them into the mains. The cost to add wireless recharging technology to phones or MP3 players is very low and very affordable. Several devices can recharge at once with pad. Low-cost technology with minimal to zero impact on device packaging or internal circuitry. Pads can be used anywhere -- The Pad is very low profile (less than 6MM thick an can be easily integrated anywhere a consumer needs to recharge a device, in virtually any shape or size -- coffee shops, cars, airport lounges hotels, the desktop or anywhere you need. Fast and safe charging rates . The system could hold added benefits for businesses such as mobile phone

Biological DrawbacksSome consider the usage of such high frequency radio and microwave to transmit power could cause potential damage to living tissues. There is no concrete study to prove this, but still many are wary about the prospect of being surrounded by high frequency waves.

Economic costThe initial set up to transmit power to remote village is huge. Consider a village of 500 people; it is not justified to invest 10-15 million dollars just to install the transmitting station to receive the power. In house wireless power transmission like evanescent wave coupling is costly and many people may be going for it.

Efficiency of current technologyThe maximum efficiency that can be achieved is around 92% with induction based wireless charger. If wires chargers are used they can provide power to battery with much higher efficiency. The wireless power transmission technique is also having very low efficiency compared to the traditional or conventional way of power transmission.

Resonance loss and atmosphere absorption lossInduction based power recharging technique has resonant loss which is unavoidable and may produce excess heat. Sometimes the heat produced is so huge it may

Wireless Electricity http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/132/brilliant.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_energy_transfer Time line of Technologyhttp://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/electricity_timel ine.htm Wireless Technology http://emergingtechnology.wordpress.com/2007/10/02/wir eless-electricity/ Espejel, J.D., RF to DC power generation, University of Maryland, December 2003. http://drum.umd.edu:8003/dspace/handle/1903/176 Wireless Charger