Performance

management of Boiler,
Turbine , Cycle
Efficiency and other
performance
Parameters.
 Concept of Efficiency

• Efficiency = ( Output / Input) X 100

• It is same as Productivity
 A B C
100 80 56 28
80% 70% 50%

Over All Efficiency = 28/100

= 28%

Much Lower Than Lowest Block i.e. “C”

Overall Efficiency= Eff of A * Eff of B * Eff of C
 Power Plant

Output of Station
Efficiency= X
100
Input of Station
Output= Energy Sent Out
Input = Fuel Burnt in Kg X CV of Fuel
(Kcal/Kg)
1 KW = 860 Kcal = 3600
 TERMS
&
DEFINITIONS
• Connected Load: It is the sum of
Loads of all Installed equipment in
Consumers Premises
• Maximum Demand: It is the
maximum Load used by consumer at
any time.
• Demand Factor: It is defined as the
ratio of maximum demand to
connected Load.
• Load Factor: Ratio of average load
to maximum demand.
 PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR
Defined as the ratio of actual energy produced in
Kilowatt Hour to the maximum possible energy
that could have been produced during a defined
period i.e. total period of operation including shut
downs and outages.

E
PLF = ------------
C*T
E: Energy Produced in actual period
C: Capacity of the Plant in KW
T: Total numbers of Hours in Given Period
 PLANT USE FACTOR
Defined as the ratio of energy produced in Kilowatt
Hour to the maximum possible energy that could
have been produced during actual period of
operation.

E
PLF = ------------
C*t
E: Energy Produced in actual period
C: Capacity of the Plant in KW
t: Total numbers of Hours in Given Period
 Diversity Factor
• It is defined as the ratio of sum of
individual maximum demand to the
simultaneous maximum demand.
• It is always more than unity
• Power station should be capable of
supplying simultaneous maximum
demand
EXAMPLE 1
 A Power plant has a maximum Demand of 80 MW
and daily Load curve is defined as follows:

Time 0-6 6-8 8-12 12- 14- 18- 22-

(Hours 14 18 22 24
)Load 40 50 60 50 70 80 40
(MW)

(A)Determine the Load Factor of Station?

(B) What is the Load Factor of stand by
equipment rated at 25 MW that takes up all
load in excess of 60 MW? Also calculate its use
factor?
(A) Total Load
=40*6+50*2+60*4+50*2+70*4+80*4+40*
2
= 1360 MW
Average Load = 1360/ 24
= 56.67 MW

Maximum Demand = 80 MW

Load Factor = 56.67/80

= 0.71
(B)
Energy Generated by Stand by Equipment=
= 10*4+ 20*4
= 40 + 80
= 120 MW
Time of Operation = 8 Hours
Average Load = 120/8 = 15 MW

Load Factor = 15/ 20 = 0.75

Use Factor = 15/25 = 0.60

EXAMPLE 2
Find the diversity Factor of a power
station which supplies the following
Loads

Load A: Motor Load of 100KW

between 10 AM and 6PM
Load B: Lighting load of 60 KW
between 6 PM and 10PM
Load C: Pumping load of 40 KW
between 4 PM and 10AM
Total Load = 100 + 60 + 40 = 200
KW

10AM to 4 PM = 100 (M) = 100 KW

4PM to 6PM = 100(M)+ 40(P)=
140KW
6PM to 10 PM = 60(L)+40(P) = 100
KW
10PM to 10AM= 40 (P) = 40
Simultaneous max demand = 140
POWER PLANT BASICS
 Power Plant Cycle
• Works on Rankine Cycle

• Over all efficiency= Multiplication of

Boiler, Turbine, Cycle and Generator
Efficiency.
 Main Parts of Power Plant
• Boiler
• Turbine
• Generator
 Boiler

• Furnace
• Milling System
• Fans for Air Supply
• Electrostatic Precipitator
• Drum
• Water and Steam Circuit in Side
Boiler
 Turbine
• HPT
• IPT
• LPT
• Condenser
• Pump
 Heat Rate
• Requirement of Heat per unit energy
generation

Heat added to Boiler (Kcal)

Heat Rate= Electrical Energy Sent Out (KWhr)
 Efficiency Loss Areas
• Improper Fuel Combustion
• Problems in Milling System
• Heat Losses due to improper
Insulation
• Leakages in Water and Steam Circuit
• Condenser
• Pumps
• Heaters