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Momentum
It is the total motion possessed by a body. Mathematically. Momentum = Mass x Velocity Let M - Mass of the body U = Initial velocity of the body, V = Final velocity of the body, a = Constant acceleration, and t = Time required (In seconds) to change the velocity from u to V
Now, Initial momentum = m.u Final momentum = m.v Change of momentum = m.v-m.u
m.v m.u Rate of change of momentum = t
m.( v u ) = = ma t
Impulse
Impulse is the product of force and time
We know that
But
m.v m.u F= t
Impulse = F t F t = m.v m.u
t2 t1
mv1 + Imp12 = mv2 The final momentum of the particle can be obtained by adding vectorially its initial momentum and the impulse of the force during the time interval.
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Fnet t = p
We know the units on both sides of the equation are the same (last slide), but lets prove the theorem formally:
Fnet t = m a t = m ( v / t) t = m v = p
Impulsive Motion
Force acting on a particle during a very short time interval that is large enough to cause a significant change in momentum is called an impulsive force. When impulsive forces act on a particle, mv1 + F t = mv2 When a baseball is struck by a bat, contact occurs over a short time interval but force is large enough to change sense of ball motion. Nonimpulsive forces are forces for which Ft is small and therefore, may be neglected.
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Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION: Apply the principle of impulse and momentum. The impulse is equal to the product of the constant forces and the time interval. An automobile weighing 4000 kg is driven down a 5o incline at a speed of 60 km/h when the brakes are applied, causing a constant total braking force of 1500 kg. Determine the time required for the automobile to come to a stop.
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Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION: Apply the principle of impulse and momentum. mv1 + Imp12 = mv2 Taking components parallel to the incline,
mv1 + (W sin 5) t Ft = 0
T= 5.9 s
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION: Apply the principle of impulse and momentum in terms of horizontal and vertical component equations.
A 100g baseball is pitched with a velocity of 80 m/s. After the ball is hit by the bat, it has a velocity of 120 m/s in the direction shown. If the bat and ball are in contact for 0.015 s, determine the average impulsive force exerted on the ball during the impact.
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F = ( ? ) i + ( ?? ) j , F =
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Sample Problem 3
SOLUTION: Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to the packagecart system to determine the final velocity. Apply the same principle to the package alone to determine the impulse exerted on it from the change in its momentum.
A 10 kg package drops from a chute into a 24 kg cart with a velocity of 3 m/s. Knowing that the cart is initially at rest and can roll freely, determine (a)the final velocity of the cart, (b) the impulse exerted by the cart on the package, and (c) the fraction of the initial energy lost in the impact.
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SOLUTION: Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to the package-cart system to determine the final velocity.
y x
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Apply the same principle to the package alone to determine the impulse exerted on it from the change in its momentum.
y x
m p v1 + Imp1 2 = m p v2 x components:
m p v1 cos 30 + Fx t = m p v2
Fx t = 18.56 N s Fy t = 15 N s Ft = 23.9 N s
Imp12
= Ft = ( 18.56 N s ) i + (15 N s ) j
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T1 T2 45 J 9.63 J = = 0.786 T1 45 J
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Impact
Impact: Collision between two bodies which occurs during a small time interval and during which the bodies exert large forces on each other. Line of Impact: Common normal to the surfaces in contact during impact.
Direct Central Impact
Central Impact: Impact for which the mass centers of the two bodies lie on the line of impact; otherwise, it is an eccentric impact.. Direct Impact: Impact for which the velocities of the two bodies are directed along the line of impact. Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of the bodies move along a line other than the line of impact.
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Rdt = u vA Pdt v A u
0 e 1 m Au Rdt = m A vA v u e= B u vB v vA = e( v A v B ) B m Av A + mB v B = ( m A + mB ) v v vA = v A v B B
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A similar analysis of particle B yields Combining the relations leads to the desired second relation between the final velocities. Perfectly plastic impact, e = 0: v = vA = v B Perfectly elastic impact, e = 1: Total energy and total momentum conserved.
No tangential impulse component; tangential component of momentum for each particle is conserved. Normal component of total momentum of the two particles is conserved. Normal components of relative velocities before and after impact are related by the coefficient of restitution.
( v A ) t = ( vA ) t
( v B ) t = ( vB ) t
m A ( v A ) n + m B ( v B ) n = m A ( vA ) n + m B ( v ) n B
( vB ) n ( vA ) n = e[ ( v A ) n ( v B ) n ]
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Tangential momentum of ball is conserved. Total horizontal momentum of block and ball is conserved. Normal component of relative velocities of block and ball are related by coefficient of restitution.
( v B ) t = ( vB ) t
m A ( v A ) + m B ( v B ) x = m A ( v A ) + m B ( v ) x B
( vB ) n ( vA ) n = e[ ( v A ) n ( v B ) n ]
Note: Validity of last expression does not follow from previous relation for the coefficient of restitution. A similar but separate derivation is required.
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Problems Involving Energy and Momentum analysis of kinetics problems: Three methods for the
- Direct application of Newtons second law - Method of work and energy - Method of impulse and momentum Select the method best suited for the problem or part of a problem under consideration.
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0 vn = e( vn 0 ) vn = 0.9( 0.866v ) = 0.779v v = 0.779v n + 0.500v t 0.779 v = 0.926v tan 1 = 32.7 0.500
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( v A ) n = v A cos 30 = 26.0 ft
s s
( vA )t ( vB ) t
( vB ) n = vB cos 60 = 20.0 ft
( vA ) t = ( v A ) t
= 15.0 ft s
( vB ) t = ( vB ) t = 34.6 ft
Total normal component of the momentum of the two ball system is conserved.
m A ( v A ) n + mB ( vB ) n = m A ( vA ) n + mB ( v ) n B m( 26.0) + m( 20.0 ) = m( vA ) n + m( v ) n B
( vA ) n + ( vB ) n = 6.0
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Sample Problem 13.15velocities of the balls are related by the The normal relative
coefficient of restitution. ( vA ) n ( vB ) n = e[ ( v A ) n ( vB ) n ] = 0.90[ 26.0 ( 20.0 ) ] = 41.4
Solve the last two equations simultaneously for the normal velocities of the balls after the impact. ( vA ) n = 17.7 ft s ( vB ) n = 23.7 ft s v A = 17.7t + 15.0n 15.0 vA = 23.2 ft s tan 1 = 40.3 17.7 vB = 23.7t + 34.6n
t
Sample Problem 4
SOLUTION: Determine orientation of impact line of action. The momentum component of ball A tangential to the contact plane is conserved. The total horizontal momentum of the two ball system is conserved. Ball B is hanging from an inextensible The relative velocities along the line of cord. An identical ball A is released action before and after the impact are from rest when it is just touching the related by the coefficient of restitution. cord and acquires a velocity v0 before Solve the last two expressions for the striking ball B. Assuming perfectly velocity of ball A along the line of action elastic impact (e = 1) and no friction, and the velocity of ball B which is determine the velocity of each ball horizontal. immediately after impact.
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r sin = = 0.5 2r = 30
( vA ) t
mv0 sin 30 + 0 = m( vA ) t
The total horizontal (x component) momentum of the two ball system is conserved.
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The relative velocities along the line of action before and after the impact are related by the coefficient of restitution. ( vB ) n ( vA ) n = e[ ( v A ) n ( vB ) n ] v sin 30 ( vA ) n = v0 cos 30 0 B 0.5v ( vA ) n = 0.866v0 B
Solve the last two expressions for the velocity of ball A along the line of action and the velocity of ball B which is horizontal.
( vA ) n = 0.520v0
v = 0.693v0 B
v A = 0.5v0t 0.520v0n 0.52 = tan 1 = 46.1 0.5 = 46.1 30 = 16.1 v = 0.693v0 B vA = 0.721v0
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Sample Problem 5
SOLUTION: Apply the principle of conservation of energy to determine the velocity of the block at the instant of impact. Since the impact is perfectly plastic, the block and pan move together at the same velocity after impact. Determine that velocity from the requirement that the total momentum of the block and pan is conserved. A 30 kg block is dropped from a height of 2 m onto the the 10 kg pan of a Apply the principle of conservation of spring scale. Assuming the impact to energy to determine the maximum be perfectly plastic, determine the deflection of the spring. maximum deflection of the pan. The constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m.
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SOLUTION: Apply principle of conservation of energy to determine velocity of the block at instant of impact. T1 = 0 V1 = WA y = ( 30 )( 9.81)( 2 ) = 588 J V2 = 0 T2 = 1 m A ( v A ) 2 = 1 ( 30 )( v A ) 2 2 2 2 2 T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 0 + 588 J = 1 ( 30 )( v A ) 2 + 0 2 2
( v A ) 2 = 6.26 m s
Determine velocity after impact from requirement that total momentum of the block and pan is conserved.
( 30 )( 6.26 ) + 0 = ( 30 + 10 ) v3
m A ( v A ) 2 + mB ( vB ) 2 = ( m A + mB ) v3 v3 = 4.70 m s
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Apply the principle of conservation of energy to determine the maximum deflection of the spring.
2 T3 = 1 ( m A + mB ) v3 = 1 ( 30 + 10 )( 4.7 ) 2 = 442 J 2 2
1 2
(20 10 )(4.91 10 )
3
3 2
= 0.241 J
x3 =
T3 + V3 = T4 + V4 x4 = 0.230 m
h = x4 x3 = 0.230 m 4.91 10 3 m
h = 0.225 m
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