Alok Kumar 100220414173

1.Introduction 2.Regulated & unregulated power supply 3.Rectifier circuits 4.Different rating 5.Filters 7.voltage regulator 8.some important terms

Power supply it is play very important role in electronic circuit when we give power supply in the circuit the all electrical and electronics component take power with our requirement. so many component work on dc supply so more time change ac signal to dc signal by using regulated power supply we convert ac signal to dc signal.

Ac I/P

TRANSFORMER

Rectifier

filter

load

Puldc

For many application unregulated power supply is not good enough because:1.Poor regulation 2.Variations in ac supply 3.Varieations in temperature

Ac I/p

transformer

rectifier

filter

regulator

load

Regulated power supply is an electronic circuit that is deign to provide a constant dc voltage. When more than one dc voltage is required for the operation of electronics circuits. A single power supply can provide us as many voltage as required by using a voltage divider is a single tapped resistor connected across the output terminals of supply.

1.According to our requirement we use step up and step down transformer. 2.By using step up we change low voltage to high voltage. 3.By using step down we change high voltage to low voltage. 4.When we give direct supply to any equipment their circuit is burn out after some time. 5.By using transformer we work in safe mode. 6.In regulated power supply we use transformer for giving supply to the system.

1.It is used to rectify the input signal. 2.It is used to convert ac signal to pulsating dc signal. 3.It change +ve and ve cycle to only +ve cycle.

RECTIFIER 1.Half wave rectifier 2.Full wave rectifier Full wave rectifier 1.Center tapped rectifier 2.Bridge rectifier

Half wave rectifier is also change ac to dc signal in this rectifier we have only one diode when so half wave rectifier only pass the +ve half cycle so after giving input to the half wave rectifier the output is shown in diagram . The output is In form of pulsating dc signal. It is used very less because their output is not enough to use as a dc.

Full wave center tapped rectifier is also used to rectify the signal and change ac signal to dc signal. In case of this rectifier we use two diode so when we give input ac signal then it operates on both +ve half cycle and ve half cycle . after passing the ac signal their output is given.

Advantages 1.Ripple factor is reduced w.r.t half wave rectifier. 2.Output dc voltage and current are doubled w.r.t half-wave rectifier. Disadvantages 1.The o/p voltage is half of the secondary voltage. 2.PIV of diode is twice that of the diode used in half wave. 3.It is practically difficult and more expensive to construct an accurate center tapped.

Advantage 1.Ripple factor is reduced w.r.t half wave rectifier. 2.Output dc voltage and current are doubled w.r.t half-wave rectifier. 3.No center tapped is required on the transformer. Disadvantage 1.It Is more expensive.

1.Maximum power rating It is defined as maximum power that a p-n jn(diode) dissipate without damaging. 2.Peak inverse voltage rating It is defined as the maximum value of reverse voltage that a p-n jn withstand without damaging. 3.Maximum forward current rating It is defined as the maximum value of forward current that a p-n jn or diode can carry without damaging.

Up to now we discussed about the rectifier circuit . as we have seen that the output of any rectifier circuit is not purely dc the output is pulsating in nature because of ripples present with the dc output . the ripples are unwanted ac signals which is not removed before applying to the load produces distortion in the form of hum , so in order to get a smooth dc output for perfectly operating to any electronic circuit we require an extra circuit between rectifier output and load . thus we can say filters are the devices which converts pulsating dc output of a rectifier to steady dc level. Basic component used in filters is inductor & capacitor.

Advantage 1.It can be used for both half wave as well as full wave rectifier circuits. 2.The magnitude of output dc is improved because charging and discharging the capacitor. Disadvantage For heavy load filtering will be poor and ripples will be more.

We know that the output of a power supply varies with changes in input voltage and circuit load current requirement because many electronic equipments require operating voltages and current that remains constant , some form of regulation is necessary . the circuit that maintain power supply voltage or current outputs within specified limits, or tolerances are called regulator.

1. Zener diode as voltage regulator 2.Transister voltage series regulator 3.Transister voltage shunt regulator

1. Zener diode is a voltage regulator device because it is able to fix the output voltage at a constant value (DC voltage). 2. RS is to limit the zener current, IZ so that it is less than the maximum current, IZM (to avoid the zener diode from broken).

RS + VS
-

RS + + VZ
-

VS
-

+ VZ
-

RL

Advantage It is simple circuit , light weight , more reliable and provides regulation over a wide range of current. Disadvantage 1.As there is power dissipation in series resistor and the diodes , its results in poor efficiency. 2.The stabilized output is determined by the Zener breakdown voltage and cannot be varied.

How to determine whether the zener acts as a regulator or not??

Use Thevenin Theorem See example

If VTH<VZ, regulation does not occur.

1.

2.

3.

The output voltage cannot be maintain absolutely constant because both Vbe and Vz decreases with the increase in room temperature. This circuit does not provide good regulation at high current because of small application provided by one transistor. The regulator have poor ripple separation w.r.t input variations as compare to other regulator.

1.There is considerable power loss in series resistance Rs. 2.There are problems of open load over load voltage on the circuit. 3. A large proportion of supply current flows through the transistor rather than the load. 4. This circuits can be improved by including one more transistor so as to handle large load current.

It is defined as change in regulated output voltage when load current change from minimum to maximum value. 1. LR=Vnl-Vfl 2. %LR=Vnl-Vfl*100/Vfl Minimum load resistance It is defined as the load resistance at which a power supply delivers its full load rated current at rated voltage and it is represented as Rl(min). Rl(min)=full load voltage /full load current

Ripple rejection It is defined as voltage regulator stabilized output voltage against variation in input voltage. It is expressed in decibel. Output impedance A regulated power supply gives output resistance of very small resistance is varied almost no change is seen at the load voltage. #Ideal voltage source have o/p impedance of 0. #Modern regulated power supply approaches to ideal voltage sources.